Hack The Sec-Leading Resource Of Linux Tutorial: NLOAD

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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>Linux and Unix nload App: Monitor Network Traffic and Bandwidth Usage In Real Time</u></span></h1>
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<span class="drop_cap" style="background-color: white; color: #111111; float: left; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0.15em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I</span><span style="line-height: 27px;">f you want to monitor network throughput on the command line interface, use nload application. It is a console application which monitors network traffic and bandwidth usage in real time. It visualizes the in and outgoing traffic using two graphs and provides additional info like total amount of transferred data and min/max network usage.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Install nload on a CentOS/RHEL/Red Hat/Fedora Linux</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">First, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/centos-rhel-scientific-linux-6-enable.html" style="color: grey; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">turn on EPEL repo on a CentOS or RHEL</a> based system. Type the following yum command to install nload:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"># yum install nload</span></code></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Install nload on a Debian or Ubuntu Linux</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Type the following apt-get command:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ sudo apt-get install nload</span></code></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Install nload on a FreeBSD system</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To install the nload via port, type:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"># cd /usr/ports/net/nload/ && make install clean</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Or add the package</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"># pkg install net/nload</span></code></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Install nload on a OpenBSD system</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Type the following command:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ sudo pkg_add -i nload</span></code></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>Install nload using a source code on a Unix-like systems</u></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">First, grab the source code using either wget command or curl command:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ cd /tmp<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ wget http://www.roland-riegel.de/nload/nload-0.7.4.tar.gz</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />To untar a tar file called nload-0.7.4.tar.gz, use tar command, enter:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ tar xvf nload-0.7.4.tar.gz</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Cd to the directory containing the nloads's source code using cd command:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ cd nload*</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />And type <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">./configure</kbd> to configure the package for your system:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ sh ./configure</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />OR</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ ./configure</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Running configure takes a while. Type make command to compile the nload:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ make</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Finally, type <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">make install</kbd> to install the nload programs and related files as root user:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ sudo make install</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />OR</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"># make install</span></code></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">How do I use nload to display the current network usage?</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The basic syntax is:</span><span style="background-color: #fafbfc; color: #666666;"> </span></span></div>
<pre class="bash" style="background-color: #fafbfc; clear: both; color: #666666; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 27px; overflow: auto; padding: 14px; tab-size: 4; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">nload
nload device
nload <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">[</span>options<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">]</span> device1 device2
 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111;">Just type the following command:</span></span></pre>
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<code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ nload<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload eth0<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload em0 em2</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Sample outputs:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fig. 01: nload command in action</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Controlling nload app</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Once nload command executed, it begins to monitor the network devices. You can control nload with the following key shortcuts:</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can switch between the devices by pressing the <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">left</strong></kbd> and <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">right</strong></kbd> arrow keys or<kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Enter/Tab<kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></kbd></strong> key.</kbd></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Press <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">F2</strong></kbd> to show the option window</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Press <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">F5</strong></kbd> to save current settings to the user’s config file.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Press <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">F6</strong></kbd> reload settings from the config files.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Press <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">q</strong></kbd> or hit <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Ctrl+C</strong></kbd> to quit nload.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Setting the refresh interval of the display</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The default value of interval is 100 milliseconds to refresh interval of the display. In this example, change to 500 milliseconds:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ nload -t {interval_number_in_millisec}<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload -t 500</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Sample outputs:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Animated gif 01 - nload command in action</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Setting the type of unit used for the display of traffic numbers</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The syntax is:</span><code style="background-color: #fafbfc; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); clear: both; color: #666666; display: block; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 21px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">$ nload -u h|H|b|B|k|K|m|M|g|G<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload -U h|H|b|B|k|K|m|M|g|G<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload -u h<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload -u G<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />$ nload -U G</span></code><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Where,</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The lower case <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">-u</kbd> option: h means human readable (auto), b Bit/s, k kBit/s, m MBit/s and g GBit/s. The upper case letters mean the corresponding units in Bytes (instead of Bits). The default is k.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The upper case <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">-U</kbd> option is same as lower case <kbd style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">-u</kbd> option, but for an amount of data, e.g. Bit, kByte, GBit etc. (without "/s"). The default is M.</span></li>
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