Hack The Sec-Leading Resource Of Linux Tutorial: disk-management

How to enable User and Group Disk Quota on CentOS 7 and RHEL 7

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<u><i><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">User and Group Disk Quota on CentOS 7 & RHEL 7</span></i></u></h1>
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As a Linux system admin we generally face low disk space issues. By implementing the user and group disk quota on the file system we can resolve the space issue.</div>
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Quota restricts the users to use only allowed disk and inodes on the particular file system. In this post we will discuss how to enable user & group disk quota on /home File system on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">CentOS 7</a> & <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Rhel7" target="_blank">RHEL 7</a></div>
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Step:1 Add usrquota & grpquota option on /home in /etc/fstab file.</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# vi /etc/</span><span style="color: lime;">fstab</span></span></pre>
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Save & exit the file.</div>
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In this example i have add user and group quota options on /home</div>
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Step:2 Remount  /home file system via  mount command</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;">[root@hackthesec ~]# mount -o remount /home</span></pre>
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Now recheck the /home file system whether Quota is enable or not.</div>
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/dev/mapper/centos-home on /home type ext4 (</span><span style="color: lime;">rw,relatime,seclabel,quota,usrquota,grpquota,data=ordered</span><span style="color: white;">)</span></span></pre>
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Step:3 Create Quota Database Files using quotacheck</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec home]# </span><span style="color: lime;">quotacheck </span><span style="color: white;">-cugv /home</span></span></pre>
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Whereas :</div>
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-c : create quota file and don’t use the existing file<br />-v : verbose ouput<br />-u : user disk quota<br />-g : group disk quota</div>
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Above Command will create aquota.user & aquota.group files under /home</div>
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Turn on quota on /home using below command :</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">quotaon </span><span style="color: white;">/home/</span></span></pre>
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Step:4 Assign user & group disk quota via edquota commands</h5>
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Syntax <span style="border: 0px; color: #333399; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># edquota -u <User_Name></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #333399; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># edquota -g <Group_Name></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">edquota </span><span style="color: white;">-u jack</span></span></pre>
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<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# edquota -g </span><span style="color: lime;">sys_admin</span></span></pre>
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As shown above we have two kind of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk quota limits</span> :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">soft</span> : It will warn the users if the soft limit of disk quota reached ( size is in KB), in above example for jack user soft limit is 5500 KB ( approx 5.5MB )</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hard</span> : It will not allow the users to create new files once the hard limit is reached. ( Size in KB ), in above example hard limit for jack user is 6000 KB ( approx 6 MB )</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note</span> : We can also set the Quota on the basis of the inodes ( i.e numbers of files that the user can create on particular file system)</div>
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Let’s take an example , login as jack user and try to create a file of 8MB.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">[root@hackthesec ~]# su - jack</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">[jack@hackthesec ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bgfile bs=1M count=8</span><span style="color: white;">dm-2: warning, user block quota exceeded.
dm-2: write failed, user block limit reached.
</span><span style="color: lime;">dd: error writing ‘bgfile’: Disk quota exceeded
</span><span style="color: white;">6+0 records in
5+0 records out
</span><span style="color: lime;">6144000 bytes (6.1 MB) copied, 0.00711317 s, 864 MB/s</span></span></pre>
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As we see above soft & hard limit is exceeded for jack user. Now onwards user jack can’t create new files.</div>
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Step:5 Display Quota report for Users in human readable</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">repquota </span><span style="color: white;">-as</span></span></pre>
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Step:6 Configure Grace Period for Soft Limit</h5>
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Grace period is the amount of time during which soft limit can can be exceeded, once the grace period reached then soft limit will become the hard limit.</div>
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Use the edquota command to set Grace period .</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">edquota </span><span style="color: white;">-t</span></span></pre>
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How to enable User and Group Disk Quota on CentOS 7 and RHEL 7

User and Group Disk Quota on CentOS 7 & RHEL 7 As a Linux system admin we generally face low disk space issues. By implementing the...

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<span style="color: #990000;"><i><u>Install webmin on centos 6</u></i></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.webmin.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #0f4884; font-family: Trebuchet, 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none;" title="Webmin">Webmin</a><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet, Trebuchet MS, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 30px;"> is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any modern web browser, you can setup user accounts, Apache, DNS, file sharing and much more. Webmin removes the need to manually edit Unix configuration files like /etc/passwd, and lets you manage a system from the console or remotely. See the <a href="http://www.webmin.com/standard.html">standard modules</a> page for a list of all the functions built into Webmin .</span></span></span></span></div>
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<li><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-usermin-on-centos.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: Trebuchet, 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 30px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">How to Install Usermin On Linux</span></a></li>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Webmin installation on centos 6.</span></h2>
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<strong style="color: #222222;">Step 1 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> Create a new file </span><strong><span style="color: red;">webmin.repo</span></strong><span style="color: #222222;"> in </span><strong><span style="color: red;">/etc/yum/repos.d/</span></strong><span style="color: #222222;"> and add the below code.</span></div>
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<code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; padding: 4px;"><code style="border-radius: 5px; display: block; padding: 4px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, MS Sans Serif, sans-serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"><span style="color: white;">[</span><span style="color: lime;">Webmin</span><span style="color: white;">]</span></span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">name=Webmin Distribution Neutral</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">#baseurl=http://download.webmin.com/download/yum</span></code><code style="border-radius: 5px; display: block; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, MS Sans Serif, sans-serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">mirrorlist=http://download.webmin.com/download/yum/mirrorlist</span></span></code><code style="border-radius: 5px; display: block; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana, MS Sans Serif, sans-serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">enabled=1</span></span></code></code><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Trebuchet, 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 30px;">
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<strong style="color: #222222;">Step 2 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> Install webmin GPG key using below command.</span><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white;">rpm --import http://www.</span><span style="color: lime;">webmin</span><span style="color: white;">.com/jcameron-key.asc</span></code><br /><strong style="color: #222222;">Step 3 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> Update the repositories.</span><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white;">yum </span><span style="color: lime;">check-update</span></code><br /><strong style="color: #222222;">Step 4 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> Now install webmin package using yum .</span><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white;">yum install </span><span style="color: lime;">webmin</span></code><br /><strong style="color: #222222;">Step 5 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> Start the service and make it start automatically.</span><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white;">chkconfig </span><span style="color: lime;">webmin</span><span style="color: white;"> on</span></code><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; color: white; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;">service webmin start</code><br /><strong style="color: #222222;">Step 6 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> By default, Webmin will listen on port 10000, Allow this port in iptables if it is enabled.</span><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white;">iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport </span><span style="color: lime;">10000</span><span style="color: white;"> -j ACCEPT</span></code><br /><code style="background-color: #0e0e0e; border-radius: 5px; display: block; font-family: Verdana, 'MS Sans Serif', sans-serif, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; padding: 4px;"><span style="color: white;">service </span><span style="color: lime;">iptables</span><span style="color: white;"> save</span></code><br /><strong style="color: #222222;">Step 7 :</strong><span style="color: #222222;"> Now open </span><span style="color: red;">http://serverip:10000</span><span style="color: #222222;"> in your browser, you could see the below screen after login ( Use root username and password ).</span></div>
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How to install webmin on centos 6

Install webmin on centos 6 Webmin is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any modern web browser, you can se...