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How to set up NTP server in CentOS

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>How to set up NTP server in CentOS</u></b></span></div>
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Network Time Protocol (NTP) is used to synchronize system clocks of different hosts over network. All managed hosts can synchronize their time with a designated time server called an NTP server. An NTP server on the other hand synchronizes its own time with any public NTP server, or any server of your choice. The system clocks of all NTP-managed devices are synchronized to the millisecond precision.</div>
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In a corporate environment, if they do not want to open up their firewall for NTP traffic, it is necessary to set up in-house NTP server, and let employees use the internal server as opposed to public NTP servers. In this tutorial, we will describe how to configure a CentOS system as an NTP server. Before going into the detail, let's go over the concept of NTP first.</div>
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NTP Hierarchy</h2>
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NTP clocks are organized in a layered hierarchy. Each level of the hierarchy is called a <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stratum</em>. The notion of stratum describes how many NTP hops away a machine is from an authoritative time source.</div>
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Stratum 0 is populated with clocks that have virtually no time drifts, such as atomic clocks. These clocks cannot be directly used over the network. Stratum <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N</em> (<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N</em> > 1) servers synchronize their time against Stratum <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N</em>-1 servers. Stratum <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N</em> clocks may be connected with each other over network.</div>
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NTP supports up to 15 stratums in the hierarchy. Stratum 16 is considered unsynchronized and unusable.</div>
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Preparing CentOS Server</h2>
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Now let's proceed to set up an NTP server on CentOS.</div>
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First of all, we need to make sure that the time zone of the server is set up correctly. In CentOS 7, we can use the<tt style="border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, Consolas, 'Andale Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">timedatectl</tt> command to view and change the server time zone (e.g., "Australia/Adelaide")</div>
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# timedatectl list-timezones | grep Australia<br /># timedatectl set-timezone Australia/Adelaide<br /># timedatectl</div>
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Go ahead and set up necessary software using <tt style="border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, Consolas, 'Andale Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yum</tt>.</div>
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# yum install ntp</div>
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Then we will add the global NTP servers to synchronize time with.</div>
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# vim /etc/ntp.conf</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #445263; margin-bottom: 15px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">server 0.oceania.pool.ntp.org
server 1.oceania.pool.ntp.org
server 2.oceania.pool.ntp.org
server 3.oceania.pool.ntp.org
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By default, NTP server logs are saved in /var/log/messages. If you want to use a custom log file, that can be specified as well.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(238, 238, 238); border: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #445263; margin-bottom: 15px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">logfile /var/log/ntpd.log
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If you opt for a custom log file, make sure to change its ownership and SELinux context.</div>
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# chown ntp:ntp /var/log/ntpd.log<br /># chcon -t ntpd_log_t /var/log/ntpd.log</div>
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Now initiate NTP service and make sure it's added to startup.</div>
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# systemctl restart ntp<br /># systemctl enable ntp</div>
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Verifying NTP Server Clock</h2>
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We can use the <tt style="border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, Consolas, 'Andale Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ntpq</tt> command to check how the local server's clock is synchronized via NTP.</div>
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The following table explains the output columns.</div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">remote</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">The sources defined at ntp.conf. '*' indicates the current and best source; '+' indicates that these sources are available as NTP source. Sources with - are considered unusable.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">refid</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">The IP address of the clock with which the remote server clock is synchronized with.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">st</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stratum</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">t</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Type. 'u' is for unicast. Other values may include local, multicast, broadcast.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">when</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">The time elapsed (in seconds) since the last contact with the server.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">poll</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polling frequency with the server in seconds.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">reach</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">An octal value that indicates whether there are any errors in communication with the server. The value 377 indicates 100% success.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">delay</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">The round trip time between our server and the remote server.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">offset</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">The time difference between our server and the remote server in milliseconds.</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">jitter</td><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.3000001907349px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">The average time difference in milliseconds between two samples.</td></tr>
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Controlling Access to NTP Server</h2>
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By default, NTP server allows incoming queries from all hosts. If you want to filter incoming NTP synchronization connections, you could add a rule in your firewall to filter the traffic.</div>
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# iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp --dport 123 -j ACCEPT<br /># iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 123 -j DROP</div>
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The rule will allow NTP traffic (on port UDP/123) from 192.168.1.0/24, and deny traffic from all other networks. You can update the rule to match your requirements.</div>
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Configuring NTP Clients</h2>
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1. Linux</h3>
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NTP client hosts need the <tt style="border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, Consolas, 'Andale Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ntpdate</tt> package to synchronize time against the server. The package can be easily installed using <tt style="border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, Consolas, 'Andale Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yum</tt> or <tt style="border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, Consolas, 'Andale Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">apt-get</tt>. After installing the package, run the command with the IP address of the server.</div>
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# ntpdate <server-IP-address></div>
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The command is identical for RHEL and Debian based systems.</div>
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2. Windows</h3>
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If you are using Windows, look for 'Internet Time' under Date and Time settings.</div>
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3. Cisco Devices</h3>
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If you want to synchronize the time of a Cisco device, you can use the following command from the global configuration mode.</div>
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# ntp server <server-IP-address></div>
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NTP enabled devices from other vendors have their own parameters for Internet time. Please check the documentation of the device if you want to synchronize its time with the NTP server.</div>
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Conclusion</h2>
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To sum up, NTP is a protocol that keeps the clocks across all your hosts in sync. We have demonstrated how we can set up an NTP server, and let NTP enabled devices synchronize their time against the server.</div>
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How to set up NTP server in CentOS

How to set up NTP server in CentOS Network Time Protocol (NTP) is used to synchronize system clocks of different hosts over network. All...

Critical iOS Flaw allowed Hackers to Steal Cookies from Devices

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Critical iOS Flaw allowed Hackers to Steal Cookies from Devices</b></span><br />
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Apple has patched a critical vulnerability in its iOS operating system that allowed criminal hackers to impersonate end users' identities by granting read/write access to website's unencrypted authentication cookies.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhud3SRZemHpKuHpD4FwUnupZozWBMDZmVVcxFPoCfLaqutDaT1ZepZdXqOOVIfiNWgX0MhD_Dl81mEhYGwsO1xuyjN4O-MQBWorhEayB3p4uPnVARNV4q-JdN_G3-Do3DDQjsIyd04jfI/s1600/iOS-Cookie-Theft_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhud3SRZemHpKuHpD4FwUnupZozWBMDZmVVcxFPoCfLaqutDaT1ZepZdXqOOVIfiNWgX0MhD_Dl81mEhYGwsO1xuyjN4O-MQBWorhEayB3p4uPnVARNV4q-JdN_G3-Do3DDQjsIyd04jfI/s640/iOS-Cookie-Theft_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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The vulnerability was fixed with the release of iOS 9.2.1 on Tuesday, almost three years after it was first discovered and reported to Apple.</div>
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The vulnerability, dubbed "<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Captive Portal</b>" bug, was initially discovered by <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Adi Sharabani</i> and <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yair Amit </i>from online security company Skycure and privately reported to Apple in June 2013.</div>
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Here's How the Vulnerability Worked</h3>
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The vulnerability caused due to the way iOS handles <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cookie Stores </b>at <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Captive Portals</b>, generally a login page that requires users to authenticate themselves before connecting to the free or paid public Wi-Fi hotspots when they are first joining.</div>
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So, when a user with a vulnerable iPhone or iPad connects to a captive-enabled network (<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sample page shown in the screenshot below</i>) – typically at coffee shops, hotels, and airports – a login window is displayed showing terms and conditions over a standard, unencrypted HTTP connection.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoMzsRHFZuLEk-j4M3N2oLMoaB2Ro5EDrFngIVUnFZVCsa1wsiEnlJTinxxIKa-7F9xVQmzCEV0L0ujJPasZSttHK0DSEeqzT9ZNLLzkkffUMg7NbE-fPm3odJwVX9Kgksu_CFT5wzNk/s1600/hotel-wifi_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoMzsRHFZuLEk-j4M3N2oLMoaB2Ro5EDrFngIVUnFZVCsa1wsiEnlJTinxxIKa-7F9xVQmzCEV0L0ujJPasZSttHK0DSEeqzT9ZNLLzkkffUMg7NbE-fPm3odJwVX9Kgksu_CFT5wzNk/s640/hotel-wifi_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Once accepted, the affected user is able to browse the Internet normally, but the embedded browser shares its unencrypted cookie store with the Safari browser.</div>
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According to a <a href="https://www.skycure.com/blog/shared-cookie-stores-bug-fixed-in-ios-9-2-1/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">blog post</a> published by Skycure on Wednesday, this shared resource allowed hackers to create their own fake captive portal and associate it with the Wi-Fi network, enabling them to steal virtually any unencrypted cookie stored on the device when an affected iOS device is connected.</div>
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Here's the List of Attacks a Hacker can Perform</h3>
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According to researchers, this captive portal vulnerability allows an attacker to:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perform a <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Session Fixation Attack</u></b> – This means, logging the victim into an attacker-controlled account (because of the shared Cookie Store). When the victims browse to the affected site via the Safari mobile browser, they'll be logged into the hacker's account instead of their own.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perform a <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cache-Poisoning Attack</u></b> on the websites of the attacker's choice (by returning an HTTP response with caching headers). In this way, the attacker could execute malicious JavaScript every time the victim connects to that website in the future via the Safari mobile browser.</li>
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Patch Your Device Right Now!</h3>
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The flaw affected iPhone 4S and iPad 2 devices and later. However, the vulnerability has been resolved with the release of <a href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205732" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">iOS 9.2.1</a> in which there is an isolated cookie store for captive portals that will keep hackers at bay.</div>
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Skycure says that this is the longest time ever taken by Apple to fix a bug, but the patch was much more complicated than it would be for a typical bug. Though, the company says it has no reports of exploits in the wild.</div>
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So, in order to keep yourself safe from such attacks, <a href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205732" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">download iOS 9.2.1</a> as an over-the-air update from the Settings menu on your iOS device right now.</div>
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Critical iOS Flaw allowed Hackers to Steal Cookies from Devices

Critical iOS Flaw allowed Hackers to Steal Cookies from Devices Apple has patched a critical vulnerability in its iOS operating system th...

Zero-Day Flaw Found in 'Linux Kernel' leaves Millions Vulnerable

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Zero-Day Flaw Found in 'Linux Kernel' leaves Millions Vulnerable</b></span><br />
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A new critical zero-day vulnerability has been discovered in the<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Linux kernel </b>that could allow attackers to gain root level privileges by running a malicious Android or Linux application on an affected device.</div>
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<br style="content: ' '; display: block; margin: 20px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The critical Linux kernel flaw (<a href="http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2016-0728" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">CVE-2016-0728</a>) has been identified by a group of researchers at a startup named Perception Point.</div>
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The vulnerability was present in the code since 2012, and affects any operating system with <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Linux kernel 3.8 and higher</b>, so there are probably tens of millions of computers, both 32-bit and 64-bit, exposed to this flaw.</div>
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However, the most bothersome part is that the problem affects <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Android versions KitKat and higher</b>, which means about 66 percent of all Android devices are also exposed to the serious Linux kernel flaw.</div>
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Impact of the Zero-Day Vulnerability</h3>
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An attacker would only require local access to exploit the flaw on a Linux server.</div>
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If successfully exploited, the vulnerability can allow attackers to get root access to the operating system, enabling them to delete files, view private information, and install malicious apps.</div>
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<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"It's pretty bad because a user with legitimate or lower privileges can gain root access and compromise the whole machine," </i><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yevgeny Pats</b>, co-founder and CEO at security vendor Perception Point, said in a <a href="http://perception-point.io/2016/01/14/analysis-and-exploitation-of-a-linux-kernel-vulnerability-cve-2016-0728/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">blog post</a> published today.<br style="content: ' '; display: block; margin: 6px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"With no auto update for the kernel, these versions could be vulnerable for a long time. Every Linux server needs to be patched as soon the patch is out."</i></blockquote>
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Usually, flaws in Linux kernel are patched as soon as they are found; therefore, Linux-based operating systems are considered to be more secure than others. However, zero-day vulnerability recently discovered in the Linux kernel made its way for almost 3 years.</div>
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The Cause of the Critical Linux Kernel Vulnerability</h3>
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The vulnerability is actually the result of a <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reference Leak</b> in the keyrings facility built into various flavors of Linux. The keyrings facility is primarily a way to encrypt and store login data, encryption keys and certificates, and then make them available to applications.</div>
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However, a reference leak could be abused by attackers to ultimately execute arbitrary code in the Linux kernel.</div>
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So far, the researchers said, no exploits have been discovered in the wild that take advantage of this vulnerability.</div>
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Perception Point has provided a technical analysis of the vulnerability and how one can exploit it, including <a href="https://gist.github.com/PerceptionPointTeam/18b1e86d1c0f8531ff8f" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">proof-of-concept</a> (PoC) exploit code published on its Github page.</div>
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Patch Expected to Roll Out Soon</h3>
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The good news is that Perception Point has already reported the flaw to the Linux team, and patches are expected to roll out today to devices with automatic updates.</div>
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However, it may take a little longer on Android devices to receive the patch, given the fact that most updates aren’t pushed automatically by manufacturers and carriers.<br style="content: ' '; display: block; margin: 20px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="content: ' '; display: block; margin: 20px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><h3 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.4em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 35px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left !important; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Type following commands as per your Linux distro:</div>
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Zero-Day Flaw Found in 'Linux Kernel' leaves Millions Vulnerable

Zero-Day Flaw Found in 'Linux Kernel' leaves Millions Vulnerable A new critical zero-day vulnerability has been discovered in the...

Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany</span><br />
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Great news for Hackers and Bug-hunters who enjoy Programming and playing around with Software.</div>
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A worldwide group of like-minded computer programmers is hosting <a href="http://www.nexthacker.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">The Next Hacker IPPC event</a>on the 26th and 27th of February in Berlin, Germany, where participants can meet hackers and programmers from around the world while getting an opportunity to participate in one of the major hacking-related events in history.</div>
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Yes,<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Next Hacker</i> is inviting Java programmers to participate in its <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">International Programming Player Competition (IPPC)</i></b>, which is going to be held on the second day of the event, i.e., 27th of February.</div>
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The first day of 2016 IPPC event will offer technical sessions on programming, an open panel discussion with renowned hackers and programmers, as well as an opportunity for the world's top programmers to meet leading high-tech companies worldwide.</div>
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The Next Hacker is an outstanding programming event with more than 5,000 attendees – no less than 3,000 contestants, including up-and-coming developers and programmers, as well as more than 2,000 guests.</div>
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All the guests invited to the event are avid hacking enthusiasts, keeping a close eye on the unique hacking challenges that the contestants will have to face.</div>
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The massive number of participants will try to showcase their craft while facing amazingly difficult challenges. This IPPC show is a pleasure to attend and offers the total reward of around $500K in cash prize.</div>
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The Challenge – Be Fast, Be Furious</h3>
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The challenge will start with each programmer having to successfully find and fix holes in three random Java programs.</div>
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The fastest programmers will win a share of the cash pool.</div>
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The prize money of total $500,000 will be distributed among First 100 programmers.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">First prize – $150,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Second prize – $70,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Third prize – $50,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fourth prize – $35,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fifth prize – $30,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sixth prize – $25,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seventh prize – $20,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Eighth prize – $15,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ninth prize – $10,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tenth prize – $5,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Eleventh to Hundredth prize – $1,000 each</li>
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 we will also be there in the event to keep you updated about the Next Hacker International Programming Player Competition.</div>
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The Benefit</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Your participation in the Next Hacker Programming Contest will allow you to:</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enhance your visibility</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Show off your skills</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Express your own talent</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Grow your international network and establish contacts with new colleagues and open source software companies</li>
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So, <a href="http://www.nexthacker.com/SignUpLogin" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Sign Up at IPPC</a> now and be a part of one of the Biggest Programming Event.</div>
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Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany

Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany Great news for Hackers and Bug-hunters who enjoy Programming and ...

Casino Sues Cyber Security Company Over Failure to Stop Hackers

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IT security firm <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Trustwave</b> has been sued by a Las Vegas-based casino operator for conducting an allegedly <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"woefully inadequate"</i> investigation following a network breach of the casino operator’s system.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7fbu7-oD7gOUVK0dCUKptu4QadIRLC7TXMK8rhNatd-711KrygDpyBATzOL5pR3f5QwTzewXs8Qd_J9rhCdUxw1aBSCTdv3CuC0Wqy1zLqvacYAKKalSmsM3rHqipBZjCZj_BVS_mJc/s1600/casino-hacker_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7fbu7-oD7gOUVK0dCUKptu4QadIRLC7TXMK8rhNatd-711KrygDpyBATzOL5pR3f5QwTzewXs8Qd_J9rhCdUxw1aBSCTdv3CuC0Wqy1zLqvacYAKKalSmsM3rHqipBZjCZj_BVS_mJc/s640/casino-hacker_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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The lawsuit, filed in the US District Court in Nevada, is one of the first cases of its kind where a client challenges a cyber security firm over the quality of its investigation following a hacking attack.</div>
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Casino Sued an IT Security Firm</h3>
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Affinity Gaming said it hired Trustwave in late 2013 to analyze and clean up computer network intrusions that allowed attackers to obtain its customers' credit card data.</div>
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It was reported that the details on more than <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">300,000 credit cards </b>used by customers in Affinity's restaurants and hotels were accessed by cyber crooks who compromised its systems.</div>
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A report submitted by Trustwave in mid-January 2014 noted that the security firm had:</div>
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However, more than a year later after the casino operator was hit by a second payment card breach, Affinity allegedly learned from Trustwave's competing cybersecurity firm, <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mandiant</b>, that the <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">malware had never been fully removed.</i></div>
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The Lawsuit Filed by the Casino Operator</h3>
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Here's what Affinity claimed in its <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/SwatiKhandelwal15/trustwave-complaint" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">lawsuit filed</a> at the end of December in the US district court of Nevada:</div>
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Hiring a firm with the proper data breach response expertise, such as Trustwave held itself out to be, was of paramount importance for Affinity Gaming...Affinity isn't an IT security firm and lacks the level of expertise.</blockquote>
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With respect to the apparent data breach, Affinity Gaming was wholly dependent on and subordinate in terms of its understanding, knowledge, and capabilities, to Trustwave, relying on [it] to diagnose, investigate, and prescribe appropriate measures to address.</blockquote>
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Mandiant’s forthright and thorough investigation concluded that Trustwave's representations were untrue, and Trustwave's prior work was woefully inadequate. In reality, Trustwave lied when it claimed that its so-called investigation would diagnose and help remedy the data breach when it represented that the data breach was "contained," and when it claimed that the recommendations it was offering would address the data breach. Trustwave...failed to identify the means by which the attacker had breached Affinity Gaming's data security. Thus, Trustwave could not in good faith have made the foregoing representations to Affinity Gaming.</blockquote>
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However, Trustwave denies any wrongdoing. A Trustwave spokesperson <a href="http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/05b4ee8c-badd-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164.html#axzz3xOXXzWG8" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">told</a> the Financial Times (FT) on Friday, <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"We dispute and disagree with the allegations in the lawsuit and we will defend ourselves vigorously in court."</i></div>
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Casino Sues Cyber Security Company Over Failure to Stop Hackers

IT security firm Trustwave has been sued by a Las Vegas-based casino operator for conducting an allegedly "woefully inadequate...

Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper

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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper</u></b></span><br />
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Apple Mac Computers are considered to be much safer than Windows computers at keeping out the viruses and malware, but the new Exploit discovered by researchers again proves it indeed quite false.</div>
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Last year, The Hacker News reported a deadly simple exploit that completely bypassed one of the core security features in Mac OS X known as <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gatekeeper</b>.</div>
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Apple released a patch in November, but now the same security researcher who discovered the original Gatekeeper bypass vulnerability said he found an equally obvious workaround.</div>
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Patrick Wardle, ex-NSA staffer and head of research at security intelligence firm Synack, said the security patch released by Apple was "<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">incredibly weak</b>" and that the update was "<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">easy to bypass</b>" in minutes.</div>
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Gatekeeper's Failure Once Again</h3>
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Introduced in July of 2012, Gatekeeper is Apple's anti-malware feature designed to block untrusted, dodgy apps from running, keeping Mac OS X systems safe from malware.</div>
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However, the reality is slightly different, according to Wardle. Hackers can install malicious software on Mac computers, even when Gatekeeper is set to its most restrictive setting.</div>
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In September, Wardle realized that before allowing any apps to execute on an OS X machine, Gatekeeper performs a number of checks, such as:</div>
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But, what Gatekeeper fails to check is – whether the app already trusted by OS X runs or loads other files from the same folder.</div>
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However, in the name of a security patch, all Apple did was simply blacklist the signed apps Wardle was abusing to bypass Gatekeeper, rather than fixing the underlying problem.</div>
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How to Bypass Gatekeeper in OS X?</h3>
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This was not effective in preventing attacks. Wardle found a new Apple-signed file that allow him to do the same. Notably, the file was offered by the popular anti-virus firm Kaspersky Labs.</div>
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All Wardle has done is:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Identified an already-signed binary file (<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary A</b>) that runs a separate app (<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary B</b>) located in the same folder</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Renamed <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary A</b></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Swapped out the legitimate <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary B</b> with a malicious one</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Then bundled malicious file in the same folder under the same file name, <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary B</b></li>
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Now, Binary B needs no digital certificate or Apple developer certificate to run, so it can be used to install anything the attacker wants, completely bypassing Gatekeeper.</div>
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Wardle notified Apple about his latest finding, and the company rolled out an update blocking the new files Wardle privately reported it, which is not a right approach. Apple should come up with a more comprehensive fix to address the issue.</div>
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How to Protect Yourself?</h3>
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In the meantime, Wardle suggested Mac users to only download software from the Mac App Store and be more careful while downloading apps from the internet.</div>
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Wardle will be presenting his findings at the<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Shmoocon conference in Washington D.C </i>this weekend. He also released a complementary tool for Gatekeeper on Friday, a free tool dubbed<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://objective-see.com/products/ostiarius.html" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Ostiarius</a></b>, that checks all file executions and blocks untrusted, unsigned code originating from the Web. </div>
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Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper

Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper Apple Mac Computers are considered to be much safer than Windows computers ...