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How to enable User and Group Disk Quota on CentOS 7 and RHEL 7

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<u><i><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">User and Group Disk Quota on CentOS 7 & RHEL 7</span></i></u></h1>
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As a Linux system admin we generally face low disk space issues. By implementing the user and group disk quota on the file system we can resolve the space issue.</div>
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Quota restricts the users to use only allowed disk and inodes on the particular file system. In this post we will discuss how to enable user & group disk quota on /home File system on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">CentOS 7</a> & <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Rhel7" target="_blank">RHEL 7</a></div>
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Step:1 Add usrquota & grpquota option on /home in /etc/fstab file.</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# vi /etc/</span><span style="color: lime;">fstab</span></span></pre>
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Save & exit the file.</div>
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In this example i have add user and group quota options on /home</div>
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Step:2 Remount  /home file system via  mount command</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;">[root@hackthesec ~]# mount -o remount /home</span></pre>
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Now recheck the /home file system whether Quota is enable or not.</div>
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/dev/mapper/centos-home on /home type ext4 (</span><span style="color: lime;">rw,relatime,seclabel,quota,usrquota,grpquota,data=ordered</span><span style="color: white;">)</span></span></pre>
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Step:3 Create Quota Database Files using quotacheck</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec home]# </span><span style="color: lime;">quotacheck </span><span style="color: white;">-cugv /home</span></span></pre>
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Whereas :</div>
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-c : create quota file and don’t use the existing file<br />-v : verbose ouput<br />-u : user disk quota<br />-g : group disk quota</div>
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Above Command will create aquota.user & aquota.group files under /home</div>
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Turn on quota on /home using below command :</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">quotaon </span><span style="color: white;">/home/</span></span></pre>
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Step:4 Assign user & group disk quota via edquota commands</h5>
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Syntax <span style="border: 0px; color: #333399; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># edquota -u <User_Name></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; color: #333399; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># edquota -g <Group_Name></span></div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# edquota -g </span><span style="color: lime;">sys_admin</span></span></pre>
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As shown above we have two kind of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk quota limits</span> :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">soft</span> : It will warn the users if the soft limit of disk quota reached ( size is in KB), in above example for jack user soft limit is 5500 KB ( approx 5.5MB )</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hard</span> : It will not allow the users to create new files once the hard limit is reached. ( Size in KB ), in above example hard limit for jack user is 6000 KB ( approx 6 MB )</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note</span> : We can also set the Quota on the basis of the inodes ( i.e numbers of files that the user can create on particular file system)</div>
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Let’s take an example , login as jack user and try to create a file of 8MB.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">[root@hackthesec ~]# su - jack</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">[jack@hackthesec ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bgfile bs=1M count=8</span><span style="color: white;">dm-2: warning, user block quota exceeded.
dm-2: write failed, user block limit reached.
</span><span style="color: lime;">dd: error writing ‘bgfile’: Disk quota exceeded
</span><span style="color: white;">6+0 records in
5+0 records out
</span><span style="color: lime;">6144000 bytes (6.1 MB) copied, 0.00711317 s, 864 MB/s</span></span></pre>
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As we see above soft & hard limit is exceeded for jack user. Now onwards user jack can’t create new files.</div>
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Step:5 Display Quota report for Users in human readable</h5>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">repquota </span><span style="color: white;">-as</span></span></pre>
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Step:6 Configure Grace Period for Soft Limit</h5>
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Grace period is the amount of time during which soft limit can can be exceeded, once the grace period reached then soft limit will become the hard limit.</div>
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Use the edquota command to set Grace period .</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">edquota </span><span style="color: white;">-t</span></span></pre>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #990000;"><u><i>NFS share using autofs in Ubuntu Linux.</i></u></span></span></h3>
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Autofs is a service in Linux like operating system which automatically mounts the file system and remote shares when it is accessed. Main advantage of autofs is that you don’t need to mount file system at all time, file system is only mounted when it is in demand.</div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/02/automount-nfs-share-in-linux-using.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Automount NFS share in Linux using autofs On Centos/RHEL 7</span></a></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8AITfukaghT7FV_o_Nl2uIrm0ZpWxbpY39Sj3rrjTBRWKJ8XZyiEfFhya9nFm-FXqCJNOJ7XKXkNBOQLOPqWTzQUT7MzjS20tp5CyCfjvcnxsFxStlhh-3NpBOMi453AomEoRPB2jzJJn/s1600/nfs_share_www.hackthsec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8AITfukaghT7FV_o_Nl2uIrm0ZpWxbpY39Sj3rrjTBRWKJ8XZyiEfFhya9nFm-FXqCJNOJ7XKXkNBOQLOPqWTzQUT7MzjS20tp5CyCfjvcnxsFxStlhh-3NpBOMi453AomEoRPB2jzJJn/s1600/nfs_share_www.hackthsec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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Autofs service reads two files Master map file ( <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/auto.master</span> ) and a map file like<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/auto.misc</span> or <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/auto.xxxx</span>.</div>
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In ‘/etc/auto.master’ file we have three different fields :</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/<Mount-Point>     <Map-file>     <Timeout-Value></span></span></div>
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In map file (/etc/auto.misc or /etc/auto.xxxx) also we have three different fields:</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><Mount-Point>    <Mount-Options>        <Location_of_File System></span></span></div>
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In this article we will mount the NFS share using autofs. NFS share ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/db_backup</span>‘ is exported from Fedora <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NFS Server</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">192.168.1.21</span>). We are going to mount this nfs share on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu  </a>Linux using autofs.</div>
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<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:1 Install the autofs package using apt-get command.</span></span></h4>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">root@hackthesec:~$ sudo apt-get </span><span style="color: lime;">install autofs</span></span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #155c8e; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Step:2 Edit the Master Map file ‘/etc/auto.master’</span></h4>
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Add the following line in the master map file.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">root@hackthesec:~$ sudo vi /etc/auto.master
</span><span style="color: lime;">/dbstuff   /etc/auto.nfsdb   --timeout=180</span></span></pre>
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Save & exit the file.</div>
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Create the mount point.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">root@hackthesec:~$ sudo mkdir </span><span style="color: lime;">/dbstuff</span></span><span style="color: white;">
</span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:2 Create a map file ‘/etc/auto.nfsdb’.</span></span></h4>
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Add the following line in the map file.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">root@hackthesec:~$ sudo vi /etc/auto.nfsdb
</span><span style="color: lime;">db_backup   -fstype=nfs4,rw,soft,intr   192.168.1.21:/db_backup</span></span></pre>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:3 Start the autofs service.</span></span></h4>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">root@hackthesec:~$ sudo /etc/</span><span style="color: lime;">init.d/autofs start</span></span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:4 Try to access the mount point.</span></span></h4>
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Automount NFS share in Linux using autofs On Ubuntu

NFS share using autofs in Ubuntu Linux. Autofs is a service in Linux like operating system which automatically mounts the file system a...

Automount NFS share in Linux using autofs On Centos/RHEL 7

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<h1 class="post-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 38px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><u><i>NFS share in Linux using autofs</i></u></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: PT Serif, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 22.4px;">Autofs is a service in Linux like operating system which automatically mounts the file system and remote shares when it is accessed. Main advantage of autofs is that you don’t need to mount file system at all time, file system is only mounted when it is in demand.</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "pt serif" , serif; line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/02/automount-nfs-share-in-linux-using_15.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Automount NFS share in Linux using autofs On Ubuntu</span></a></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8AITfukaghT7FV_o_Nl2uIrm0ZpWxbpY39Sj3rrjTBRWKJ8XZyiEfFhya9nFm-FXqCJNOJ7XKXkNBOQLOPqWTzQUT7MzjS20tp5CyCfjvcnxsFxStlhh-3NpBOMi453AomEoRPB2jzJJn/s1600/nfs_share_www.hackthsec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8AITfukaghT7FV_o_Nl2uIrm0ZpWxbpY39Sj3rrjTBRWKJ8XZyiEfFhya9nFm-FXqCJNOJ7XKXkNBOQLOPqWTzQUT7MzjS20tp5CyCfjvcnxsFxStlhh-3NpBOMi453AomEoRPB2jzJJn/s1600/nfs_share_www.hackthsec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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Autofs service reads two files Master map file ( <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/auto.master</span> ) and a map file like<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/auto.misc</span> or <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/auto.xxxx</span>.</div>
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In ‘/etc/auto.master’ file we have three different fields :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/<Mount-Point>     <Map-file>     <Timeout-Value></span></span></div>
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In map file (/etc/auto.misc or /etc/auto.xxxx) also we have three different fields:</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><Mount-Point>    <Mount-Options>        <Location_of_File System></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In this article we will mount the NFS share using autofs. NFS share ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/db_backup</span>‘ is exported from Fedora <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NFS Server</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">192.168.1.21</span>). We are going to mount this nfs share on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">CentOS 7</a>  Linux using autofs.</div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 28px; font-stretch: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Steps to mount nfs share using Autofs in CentOS 7.</u></span></span></h3>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:1 Install autofs package.</span></span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Install the <b>autofs </b>package using below yum command if it is not installed.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# yum </span><span style="color: lime;">install autofs</span></span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:2 Edit the Master map file (/etc/auto.master )</span></span></h4>
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Add the following line .</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# vi /etc</span><span style="color: lime;">/auto.master</span><span style="color: white;">
/dbstuff  /etc/auto.nfsdb  --timeout=180</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: navy; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note :</span></span> Mount point ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dbstuff’</span>‘ must exist on your system. If not then create a directory ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mkdir /dbstuff</span>‘. NFS Share will automatically umount after 180 seconds or 3 minutes if don’t perform any action on the share.</div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:2 Creat a map file ‘/etc/auto.nfsdb’</span></span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Create a map file and add the following line.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# vi /etc/auto.nfsdb</span><span style="color: lime;">db_backup  -fstype=nfs,rw,soft,intr  192.168.1.21:/db_backup</span></span></pre>
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Save and exit the file.</div>
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Where :</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">db_backup is a mount point.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-fstype=nfs is the file system type & ‘rw,soft,intr’ are mount options.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">‘192.168.1.21:/db_backup’ is nfs share location.</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:3 Start the auotfs service.</span></span></h4>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">systemctl </span><span style="color: white;">start autofs.service</span><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec ~]# systemctl enable autofs.service</span><span style="color: white;">ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/autofs.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/</span><span style="color: lime;">autofs.service</span><span style="color: white;">'
[root@hackthesec ~]#</span></span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:3 Now try to access the mount point.</span></span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mount point of nfs share will be ‘<span style="color: #990000;">/dbstuff/db_backup</span>’. When we try access the mount point then <b>autofs </b>service will mount nfs share automatically.</div>
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Automount NFS share in Linux using autofs On Centos/RHEL 7

NFS share in Linux using autofs Autofs is a service in Linux like operating system which automatically mounts the file system and remot...

How To Run Command In Background on Linux

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<span style="color: #990000;"><u><i>Run Command In Background on Linux</i></u></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px;">A background process is the process which executes behind the scenes. These processes run without user intervention. There are various way to do it for example using & or nohup or screen command. The most popular and frequently used are & and nohup(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: red;">nohup is a POSIX command to ignore the HUP (hangup) signal</span>)</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px;">. Including of these two options this tutorial will also describes you to use of screen command.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">1. Using &</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On Linux/Unix based systems we can easily send any process in background by appending & in command.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">$ ls -l &
$ tar czf temp.tar.gz /tmp &</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em;">
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this way if you start a command in background and exited from shell, then shell will kill this background process with SIGHUP signal.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">2. Using nohup</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To prevent termination of background processes after shell termination use nohup command. nohup command simply use at prefix of command like. All the output generated with commands will save in nohup.out file in current directory.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">$ nohup tar czf temp.tar.gz /tmp &
</span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">3. Using Screen</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Screen is better option for long running processes. Using screen you can simply get the same session running on remote server even after logout from ssh. For this test you can do the following</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">$ screen
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now start your process in background.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">$ tar czf temp.tar.gz /tmp &
</span></pre>
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Let’s detach your screen session with keyboard shortcut <span style="color: #990000;">CTRL+a+d or ctrl+alt+d</span>. It will return you to command line. Now exit your ssh session and again connect system through ssh and execute following command to get old screen session running.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">$ screen -r

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How To Run Command In Background on Linux

Run Command In Background on Linux A background process is the process which executes behind the scenes. These processes run without us...

Command Line Arguments in Linux Shell Scripting

Command Line Arguments in Linux Shell Scripting

Command Line Arguments in Linux Shell Scripting Overview : Command line arguments (also known as positional parameters) are the a...

Deepin Linux 15 - lastore-daemon Privilege Escalation Exploit

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Deepin Linux 15 - lastore-daemon Privilege Escalation</h1>
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<table class="exploit_list" style="background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239) !important; border-radius: 3px !important; border-spacing: 1px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221) !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 1px !important; width: 583px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Author:</strong> King's Way</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Download Exploit:</strong> <a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/download/39433" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: background-color, box-shadow, border, color, opacity;"><span class="fa fa-file-code-o" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "fontawesome"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;"></span> Source</a> </td><td colspan="2" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
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Deepin Linux 15 - lastore-daemon Privilege Escalation Exploit

Deepin Linux 15 - lastore-daemon Privilege Escalation Author: King's Way Download Exploit: Source www.hackthesec.co.in...

How to Extend Swap Space using Swap file in Linux

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How to Extend Swap Space using Swap file in Linux

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How to Configure NIC(Network Interface Card) bonding in CentOS 7 / RHEL 7

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<span style="color: #990000;"><u><i>Configure NIC(Network Interface Card) bonding in CentOS 7 / RHEL 7</i></u></span></h1>
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NIC(Network Interface Card) bonding is also known as Network bonding. It can be defined as the aggregation or combination of multiple NIC  into a single bond interface. It’s main purpose is to provide high availability and redundancy.</div>
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In this article we will learn how to configure nic or netwok bonding in <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS </a>7 & <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Rhel7" target="_blank">RHEL 7</a>. In my case i have two interface cards (enp0s3 & enp0s8) and will form a bond interface (bond0).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJ5P0qDfh0m0fvpo5xFpkQiS0W83L2gMP9c4SNwWQH0XOpkknpTXclyIaSeSZKson8JQzNfFvUq3tc21293NiEZ4OVaSyyzLtVVaKUfwCzdSOEdwvrd-pDVf7TWGIwwGeWQlilD4SOglT/s1600/nic_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlJ5P0qDfh0m0fvpo5xFpkQiS0W83L2gMP9c4SNwWQH0XOpkknpTXclyIaSeSZKson8JQzNfFvUq3tc21293NiEZ4OVaSyyzLtVVaKUfwCzdSOEdwvrd-pDVf7TWGIwwGeWQlilD4SOglT/s320/nic_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Prerequisite :</h2>
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If bonding module is not loaded on your linux box then use the below command to load.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">modprobe </span><span style="color: white;">bonding</span></pre>
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To list the bonding module info, use following command.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: white; font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@openstack ~]# modinfo bonding</pre>
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Output will be something like below</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhudrJtHvDHDO2QHkd6LkeTZW47lVuz2-Ooqhh4oXd3q-UG63Y-pMCS9naylHm6uBVzBE_TjGsW3IFCE8DLo9c5kdjhjN7XnDX2pv57oEMDuEqNFPJw5gLirekMUJL1dhebgpuqyt-BD7Ft/s1600/modinfo-bonding_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhudrJtHvDHDO2QHkd6LkeTZW47lVuz2-Ooqhh4oXd3q-UG63Y-pMCS9naylHm6uBVzBE_TjGsW3IFCE8DLo9c5kdjhjN7XnDX2pv57oEMDuEqNFPJw5gLirekMUJL1dhebgpuqyt-BD7Ft/s640/modinfo-bonding_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:1 Create Bond Interface File</span></span></h5>
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Create a bond interface file (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">ifcfg-bond0</span></span>) under the folder “<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/</span></span>”</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack network-scripts]# vi </span><span style="color: lime;">ifcfg-bond0</span><span style="color: white;">
</span><span style="color: lime;">DEVICE=bond0
</span><span style="color: white;">TYPE=Bond
NAME=bond0
BONDING_MASTER=yes
</span><span style="color: lime;">BOOTPROTO=none
</span><span style="color: white;">ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.1.70
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
BONDING_OPTS="mode=5 miimon=100"</span></pre>
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Save & exit the file.</div>
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Specify the IP address, Netmask & bonding modes as per your requirement. In my example i am using ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">mode=5</span>′</span> which is used to provide fault tolerance and load balancing.</div>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">Step:2 Edit the NIC interface files</span></span></h5>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">For ifcfg-enp0s3</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack ~]# vi /etc/</span><span style="color: lime;">sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3</span><span style="color: white;">
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
DEVICE=enp0s3
ONBOOT=yes
</span><span style="color: lime;">HWADDR="08:00:27:69:60:c9"
</span><span style="color: white;">MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes</span></pre>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">For ifcfg-enp0s8</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack ~]# cat /etc/</span><span style="color: lime;">sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s8</span><span style="color: white;">
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
</span><span style="color: lime;">DEVICE=enp0s8
</span><span style="color: white;">ONBOOT=yes
</span><span style="color: lime;">HWADDR="08:00:27:ea:71:8d"
</span><span style="color: white;">MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes</span></pre>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:3 Restart the Network Service</span></span></h5>
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Below command will restart the network service and will bring above changes into the effect.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack ~]# </span><span style="color: lime;">systemctl restart network.service</span></pre>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:4 Test & Verify bond interface.</span></span></h5>
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Use ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">ifconfig</span></span>‘ & ‘<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">ip add</span></span>‘ command to check bond interface along with its slave interfaces.</div>
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Use following command to view bond interface settings like bonding mode & slave interface.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack ~]# cat /proc/net/</span><span style="color: lime;">bonding/bond0</span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLSZ5SMb-6KrNUIqvoMAqzni7GHeXc5WXmc7E92jzLzjKikUzXDen46Q4nlyoc5lKCyGjhoWoMBr9H6PKTF47C-s54sK3zgCdXFPFvMw2F2wGlHecsEkZdiQ3y3Oc0fA3vsWokNtBqJ7K/s1600/bonding-settings_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLSZ5SMb-6KrNUIqvoMAqzni7GHeXc5WXmc7E92jzLzjKikUzXDen46Q4nlyoc5lKCyGjhoWoMBr9H6PKTF47C-s54sK3zgCdXFPFvMw2F2wGlHecsEkZdiQ3y3Oc0fA3vsWokNtBqJ7K/s640/bonding-settings_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step:5 Fault tolerance testing</span></span></h5>
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To test the fault tolerance we can down one interface and check whether you are still able access the server.</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(54, 54, 54); border-radius: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: Monaco, 'Courier New', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 18px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;">[root@openstack ~]# ifdown </span><span style="color: lime;">enp0s8</span><span style="color: white;">
Device 'enp0s8' successfully disconnected.
[root@openstack ~]#</span></pre>
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