Hack The Sec-Leading Resource Of Linux Tutorial

How to Configure Postfix to use Gmail as a Mail Relay

<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 0.18in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><u><b>Configure
Postfix to use Gmail as a Mail Relay</b></u></i></span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 0.18in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">If
you have a Gmail account, you can configure your MTA to relay
outgoing mail through Gmail. This gives you the benefit of Gmail's
reliability and robust infrastructure, and provides you with a simple
means of sending email from the command line.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.18in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">In
this tutorial, we will use <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/postfix">Postfix</a>
as our MTA. Postfix is a free, open-source, actively maintained, and
highly secure <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mail_Server">mail
</a>transfer agent.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 0.18in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">At
each step, we'll cover instructions specific to the following
operating systems:</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Debian">Debian</a>
 8</span></span> 
 </div>
</li>
<li><div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/ubuntu-15.10"><span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ubuntu
 15.10</span></span></a> 
 </div>
</li>
<li><div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7">CentOS
 </a>7</span></span> 
 </div>
</li>
<li><div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SUSE">OpenSUSE</a>
 13.2</span></span> 
 </div>
</li>
<li><div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 0.18in; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">Arch
 Linux 2016.02.01</span></span> 
 </div>
</li>
<li><div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 0.18in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">FreeBSD
 10.2</span></span> 
 </div>
</li>
</ul>
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<br />

<div style="line-height: 0.18in;">
<span style="font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;">We
will also install mailutils/mailx so that we can send a test email.
Where necessary, we will install supplemental SASL libraries.</span></span></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Ubuntu/Debian:-</u></span></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 142%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># apt-get update && apt-get install postfix mailutils</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">When
prompted for "General type of mail configuration,"
choose </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">Internet
Site</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">When
prompted for a "Mail name," choose a hostname to be used in
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/mail">mail</a>
headers as the origin of your emails. A fully-qualified domain name
is preferred, but using your machine's simple hostname is OK.
Regardless of what you enter here, your return address will appear to
recipients as your Gmail address.</span></span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">You
may be prompted to set the "Root and postmaster mail recipient."
Enter </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">root</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
or another user who should receive mail subsystem notifications.</span></span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">For
any other prompts, you can choose the default values.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Fedora</span></u></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"></span></u></span></code></span></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: transparent;">dnf update && dnf install postfix mailx</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">CentOS</span></u></span></code></span></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">yum update && yum install postfix mailx cyrus-sasl cyrus-sasl-plain</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">OpenSUSE</span></u></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"></span></u></span></code></span></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">zypper update && zypper install postfix mailx cyrus-sasl</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Arch
Linux</span></u></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"></span></u></span></code></span></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">pacman -Sy postfix mailutils</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">FreeBSD</span></u></code></span></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Compile
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/postfix">Postfix
</a>from the ports collection to incorporate support for SASL:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">portsnap fetch extract update</span></span></span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">cd /usr/ports/mail/postfix</span></span></span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">make config</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">In
the configuration dialogs, select </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">SASL
support</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
All other options can remain the same. Then:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">make install clean</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Mailx
can be installed from the binary package:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">pkg install mailx</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"> 
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Configure Gmail Authentication</span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Create
or modify a password file which will be used by Postfix to establish
authentication with Gmail. In the authentication information below,
replace </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">username</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"> with
your Gmail username and </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">password</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"> with
your Gmail password. If you are using a custom Gmail Apps domain
name, you may replace </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">gmail.com</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"> with
your Google Apps domain.<br />The password file will reside in the
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/postfix">Postfix</a>
configuration directory. The file can be named whatever you like, but
the recommended filename is</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">sasl_passwd</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Debian,
Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux:</span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Postfix
configuration files reside in the directory </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">/etc/postfix</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
Create or edit the password file:</span></span></span></code></div>
<br />
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.35in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in; text-align: left;"><code class="western"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"># </span></span></span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">vi /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Add
the line:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">[smtp.gmail.com]:587    username@gmail.com:password</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="background: #ffffff;">Save
and close the file. Your Gmail password is stored as plaintext, so
make the file accessible only by root:</span></code></span></span></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #cccccc; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0.09in;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;"># chmod 600 /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></code></span></span></span></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><u><b><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">FreeBSD:</span></b></u></code></span></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;">Postfix
configuration files reside in the directory </span></code><code class="western"><b><span style="background: transparent;">/usr/local/etc/postfix</span></b></code><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;">.
Create or edit the password file:</span></code></span></span></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #cccccc; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0.09in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"># vi /usr/local/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;">Add
the line:</span></code></span></span></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #cccccc; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0.09in;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;">[smtp.gmail.com]:587 username@gmail.com:password</span></code></span></span></span></pre>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;">Save
and close the file. Make it accessible only by root:</span></code></span></span></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #cccccc; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0.09in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">#chmod 600 /usr/local/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><b><code class="western"><span style="background: transparent;">Configure
Postfix</span></code></b></u></span></span></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">There
are six parameters which must be set in the Postfix configuration
file </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">main.cf</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">.
The parameters are:</span></span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.18in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"><br /></span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">relayhost</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
which specifies the mail relay host and port number. The host name
will be enclosed in brackets to specify that no MX lookup is
required.</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">smtp_use_tls</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
which enables (or disables) transport layer
security.</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">smtp_sasl_auth_enable</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
which enables (or disables) SASL
authentication.</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">smtp_sasl_security_options</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
which in the following configuration will be set to empty, to ensure
that no Gmail-incompatible security options are
used.<br />smtp_sasl_password_maps, which specifies the password file
to use. This file will be compiled and hashed by </span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">postmap</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;"> in
a later step.</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">smtp_tls_CAfile</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">,
which specifies the list of certificate authorities to use when
verifying server identity.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: transparent;">Debian,
Ubuntu, Arch Linux:</span></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Edit
the main Postfix configuration file:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">vi /etc/postfix/main.cf</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Add
or modify the following values:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: rgb(245, 245, 245) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">relayhost = [smtp.gmail.com]:587</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_use_tls = yes</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_security_options =</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt</span></span></span></code></span></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Save
and close the file.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Fedora,
CentOS:</span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Edit
the main Postfix configuration file:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">#vi /etc/postfix/main.cf</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Add
or modify the following values:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: rgb(245, 245, 245) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">relayhost = [smtp.gmail.com]:587</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_use_tls = yes</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_security_options =</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt</span></span></span></code></span></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Save
and close the file.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">OpenSUSE:</span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Edit
the main Postfix configuration file:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">#vi /etc/postfix/main.cf</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Add
or modify the following values:</span></span></code></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">

</span><pre class="western" style="background: rgb(245, 245, 245) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">relayhost = [smtp.gmail.com]:587</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_use_tls = yes</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_security_options =</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt</span></span></span></code></span></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Save
and close the file.</span></span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">OpenSUSE
also requires that the Postfix master process configuration file
master.cf be modified. Open it for editing:</span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background: transparent;">vi /etc/postfix/master.cf</span></span></code></span></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Locate
the line which reads:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">#tlsmgr unix - - n 1000? 1 tlsmg</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Uncomment
it, so it reads:</span></span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">tlsmgr unix - - n 1000? 1 tlsmg</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Save
and close the file.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><code class="western"><u><b><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">FreeBSD:</span></b></u></code></span></span></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Edit
the main Postfix configuration file:</span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>#</b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">vi /usr/local/etc/postfix/main.cf</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Add or modify
the following values:</span></span></code></div>
<pre class="western" style="background: rgb(245, 245, 245) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;">relayhost = [smtp.gmail.com]:587</span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;">smtp_use_tls = yes</span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;">smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes</span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;">smtp_sasl_security_options =</span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;">smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/usr/local/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></code>
<code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;">smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/mail/certs/cacert.pem</span></span></code></span></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Save and
close the file.</span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Process
Password File</span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Use
postmap to compile and hash the contents of sasl_passwd. The results
will be stored in your Postfix configuration directory in the file
sasl_passwd.db.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><code class="western"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Debian,
Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux:</span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">postmap /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">FreeBSD</span></u></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"></span></b></u></span></span></code></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">postmap /usr/local/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 align="CENTER" class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Restart
Postfix</span></b></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Restart
the Postfix service, putting your changes into effect.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Debian,
Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux:</span></b></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">systemctl restart postfix.service</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="background: transparent;">FreeBSD:</span></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.27in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">To
start the Postfix service for this session only:</span></span></span></code></div>
<br />
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">service postfix onestart</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">To
start Postfix automatically when the system initializes, open
</span></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">/etc/rc.conf</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">
for editing:</span></span></span></code></div>
<br />
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">vi /etc/rc.conf</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Add
the line:</span></span></span></code></div>
<br />
<br />

<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">postfix_enable=YES</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Save
and close the file. You may then run:</span></span></span></code></div>
<br />
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">#</span></b></span></span></code><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "menlo", "monaco", "consolas", "courier new", monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">service postfix start</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">To
start Postfix.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 align="CENTER" class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Enable
"Less Secure Apps" In Gmail</span></b></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">By
default, only the most secure sign-ins, such as logging in to Gmail
on the web, are allowed for your Gmail account. To permit relay
requests, log in to your Gmail account and turn on Allow less secure
apps.</span></span></span></code></div>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">For
more information, review the Google Support document "<a href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/6010255">Allowing
less secure apps to access your account</a>."</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 align="LEFT" class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="background: transparent;">Send
A Test Email</span></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Test
your new configuration by sending an email using the <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/mail">mail
</a>command. Run:</span></span></span></code></div>
<br />
<br />

<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">mail -s "Subject Here" recipient@domain.com < textfile</span></b></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">Where
textfile is the name of a file containing the text to be sent.</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Troubleshooting(Through
Log)</span></b></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">If
it's not working, check the logs for any Postfix errors:</span></span></span></code></div>
<h2 class="western" style="background: rgb(253, 253, 253) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: medium none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Debian:</span></b></u></span></code></span></span></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">less /var/log/mail.log</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="background: transparent;">Ubuntu,
Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux:</span></b></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">journalctl</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 class="western" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: none; line-height: 0.27in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-top: 0.22in; padding: 0in;">
<code class="western"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", "helvetica", "arial", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="background: transparent;">FreeBSD:</span></u></span></span></span></code></h2>
<pre class="western" style="background: #f5f5f5; border: none; line-height: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.1in; padding: 0in;"><code class="western"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: transparent;">less /var/log/maillog</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<div style="border: none; padding: 0in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<a href="http://hackthesec.co.in/">Hackthesec.co.in</a><br />

How to Configure Postfix to use Gmail as a Mail Relay

Configure Postfix to use Gmail as a Mail Relay If you have a Gmail account, you can configure your MTA to relay outgoing mail throug...

How To Install FreePBX on CentOS

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;">
<u><span style="color: red;">Install FreePBX on CentOS</span></u></h1>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">PBX (stands for private branch exchange) is a private telephone network used that can be very easily connected to the public landline and mobile networks. The PBX network also provides audio, video and instant messaging communication through the TCP/IP protocol stack for its internal network and interconnects its internal network with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for telephony communication.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggyfE0RGe3F6bNgKJwgmfEIGAcZp-aiPwwHnE7ozF_zlWvKp6oKjpXoSWvr5RXrWcAJ0XpN_TmttG36GOIdt3cSBN8CNZCjuQBl6Xmstji8pMAmlkpIxsB-Pgel9vbFNWYbrxi08fkUEOx/s1600/asterisk_centos_freepbx_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggyfE0RGe3F6bNgKJwgmfEIGAcZp-aiPwwHnE7ozF_zlWvKp6oKjpXoSWvr5RXrWcAJ0XpN_TmttG36GOIdt3cSBN8CNZCjuQBl6Xmstji8pMAmlkpIxsB-Pgel9vbFNWYbrxi08fkUEOx/s1600/asterisk_centos_freepbx_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A lot of successful businesses are aiming to have their own telephony system that will allow them to have many different features, lower their costs using VoIP, especially on international calls, but inside that company as well. Some of them are choosing hosted solution, some are having their own In-House solution. In this tutorial we are installing FreePBX & Asterisk VoIP on a base <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a> 6.4 installation.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Asterisk is an open source software implementation of a telephone private branch exchange (PBX); it was created in 1999. Like any PBX, it allows attached telephones to make calls to one another, and to connect to other telephone services, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Its name comes from the asterisk symbol, *. Asterisk includes many features like Voice mail, conference calling, Interactive voice response, automatic call distribution, Fax to email services etc.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to control Asterisk, we will use FreePBX. It is open source graphical user interface that makes asterisk management very easy. It is usually included in the asterisk distribution, but it can be installed manually if needed. FreePBX distribution is unified server distribution that includes all of the software packages and dependencies required for Asterisk VoIP server, such as:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Apache" target="_blank">Apache Web Server</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Cyrus SASL (Simple Authentication Security Layer)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Dnsmasq</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/fail2ban" target="_blank">Fail2ban</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Iptables" target="_blank">iptables</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Mailx</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql" target="_blank">MySQL </a>Server</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Network Time Protocol</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/VPN" target="_blank">OpenVPN </a>Server</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/postfix" target="_blank">Postfix </a>MTA</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Prosody XMPP Server</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">TFTP Server</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Very Secure FTP Daemon (<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/vsftp" target="_blank">vsftpd</a>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Vim text editor</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before we start with the installation, we must make sure that the server has decent and stable internet connection and it should be in a geographical location near the place where the majority of our calls will come from. We also need to determine the size of our server. That will depends mostly on the number of the concurrent calls that we anticipate to have. It is not that bad even if we choose wrong, since we can resize our server at any time later, but some best practices showed that we should follow this calculations.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Server with 512 MB RAM can support approximately 5-15 concurrent calls</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Server with 1 GB can support approximately 15-25 concurrent calls</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Server with 2 GB can support approximately 25-50 concurrent calls</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Server with 4 GB can support approximately 50-100 concurrent calls</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Server with 8 GB can support approximately 100-175 concurrent calls</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">Server with 16 GB can support approximately 175+ concurrent calls</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next, we must make sure that our fully qualified domain name is properly set in our hosts file and make sure that the server time setting match the appropriate time zone that server belongs to. The last step before we actually start with the installation is to update our currently installed packages from the standard <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS </a>repositories:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum update
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now, we are ready to start the deployment. We will use installation script that we need to download. The script will download some file during the installation, so we will use <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">/tmp</code> folder during the installations.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /tmp
# wget http://upgrades.freepbxdistro.org/blank-centos-installer/5.211.65-track/5.211.65-1-Installer-Script.sh
# /tmp/4.211.64-1-Installer-Script.sh
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once it is finished, we will have fully functional IP-PBX server, based on the FreePBX Distribution. Now, we need to test if our GUI works. To do that, we will open our browser and point to the fully qualified name or the IP of our newly installed PBX, we will be presented with FreePBX administrator-account setup screen. We should setup our admin account using the GUI. That will be the information that we will use later for managing the server through the GUI.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If we want to upgrade out FreePBX system later, we can search for available upgrades, download the upgrade script and execute it, similar to the installation process. First, we need to determine which our current version is:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cat /etc/schmooze/pbx-version
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then, we can check the change list for the new version that is available and make decision whether we would like to upgrade or not. The upgrade process work same as the installation. The upgrade script might ask us for some additional information or confirmation. Once the upgrade is done we can check and confirm that our system is upgraded but executing:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cat /etc/schmooze/pbx-version
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If there is more than one upgrade script available, we should execute every upgrade script, one by one, is sequential order and save every script in the same folder. This Asterisk and OpenPBX server are part of a very wide field and there are a lot of additional things to be considered and explored. However, this tutorial underlines the very basic information and steps that are required in order to get our own PBX system up and running.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://hackthesec.co.in/" target="_blank">hackthesec.co.in</a><br /><a href="http://hackthesec.co.in/" target="_blank">hackthesec</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>

How To Install FreePBX on CentOS

Install FreePBX on CentOS PBX (stands for private branch exchange) is a private telephone network used that can be very easily connecte...

How To Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu 14.04

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><i>Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu</i></u></span></h1>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hugo is an open source static site generator. Static site generators build a web page the moment you’re creating or editing new content. It comes with a watch mode which automatically refreshes web pages when editing them. Hugo was started as a side project by Steve Francia and today its community has more than 165 contributions, 35 themes and thousands of users. The biggest advantage of using static is that the websites are incredibly fast especially when compared to sites that carry all the burden of a heavyweight content management system.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVj0jjZ5vB5_gji1LGruqcLJmNWshZ8sPw6nrMR7b1zLRvB8VLjqXA_VVwViOdyoDkReYoJPrClZUFhpQPdGhCcmAAAGFKNCzsyFb8cKwt4RK7wVWjFU0g4K0uzPcg6WoDLmAvb1SrEtGR/s1600/hugo_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVj0jjZ5vB5_gji1LGruqcLJmNWshZ8sPw6nrMR7b1zLRvB8VLjqXA_VVwViOdyoDkReYoJPrClZUFhpQPdGhCcmAAAGFKNCzsyFb8cKwt4RK7wVWjFU0g4K0uzPcg6WoDLmAvb1SrEtGR/s1600/hugo_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Pre-requisites</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to deploy Hugo site on production, you must first setup your development server with Hugo on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/ubuntu-14.04" target="_blank">Ubuntu 14.04</a>. Then build a new production server with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu</a> 14.04 installed. Once you have access to both development and production servers, perform the following tasks to achieve your target deployment on Hugo Site with Git Hooks.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">SSH Key Authentication</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">First of all we are going to setup a <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SSH" target="_blank">SSH </a>key authentication between development server (on which we have already installed Hugo) and the product server on which we will be setting up the production site with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/git" target="_blank">Git Hooks</a>.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s run the command below to check if there’s already a key pair placed or not.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If it shows no such file on directory, run the command below to generate a new ssh key.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ssh-keygen</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Choose the file where you wish to save the key other than the default location. Then use the command below to copy this key to your production server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ssh-copy-id ubuntu@production_server_ip </span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After providing the right user credentials you will see the following output.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">Number of key(s) added: 1</code></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now try logging into the machine, with:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />“ssh ‘ubuntu@12.23.55.21′”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s run the command on your production server from the development server.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ssh ubuntu@162.253.55.241 hostname</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Initial Git Repo Transfer</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to setup the ‘post-receive’ hook on the production server in the near future, we need to transfer an initial clone of our Hugo repository to the production server. To do this, first we will create a bare repository from our main Hugo repository in the ‘/tmp’ directory. Bare repository is a special ‘git’ repository with no working directory. So, to create this copy we will use the ‘git clone’ command using the ‘–enable’ option as shown.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ git clone --bare ~/hugo_web /tmp/hugo_web.git </span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then copy this bare repo to the home directory of your Production server user using the command as shown below.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ scp -r /tmp/hugo_web.git ubuntu@prod-server_ip:</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Adding Git Remote For Production</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s add the git to the remote production server as a tracked remote repository using its bare repo. This will allow us to push new content to our production server easily.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now change your directory to Hugo website and then run the command to give name to the remote as ‘prod’ and specify the connection information and location to the bare repository on the remote system.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ cd hugo_web/</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ git remote add prod ubuntu@prod_server_ip:hugo_web.git</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Setup Production Server</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So far we have successfully configured our development server, now we are going to setup our production server by following some steps to install a few basic packages. Hugo installation then will create ‘post-receive’ script to deploy new content pushed to our repository.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Installing Packages on Production Server</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We need to install Git, Pygments and <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/NGINX" target="_blank">Nginx </a>server packages on our production server. The ‘Git’ software will be used to receive pushes and to execute our deployment script. Then we need to install ‘Pygments’ for syntaxt highlighting and ‘<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/NGINX" target="_blank">Nginx</a>’ as the web server that will make your contents available for the visitors.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s run the following command to update your Ubuntu server with the latest updates and patches.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo apt-get update</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then run this command to install ‘git’, ‘nginx’ and ‘python-pip’ packages.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo apt-get install git nginx python-pip</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Press ‘Y’ key to proceed with the installation process. Once these packages are installed, execute the command below to install Pygments using ‘pip’ command.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo pip install Pygments</span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikePEYPcCnqtyBU90w7UQ-zWcg-uIt2V12_Qec-tr6jIuu9KYhl9HCEXk42agYx_Pq08yNwSvfW8CdSeTRol18QpytUBj6Fxj6rcZPyTkzgsAcCjkiVWpGhPojrvVA7JvTJLRsQsoc3Nlx/s1600/pip-installation_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikePEYPcCnqtyBU90w7UQ-zWcg-uIt2V12_Qec-tr6jIuu9KYhl9HCEXk42agYx_Pq08yNwSvfW8CdSeTRol18QpytUBj6Fxj6rcZPyTkzgsAcCjkiVWpGhPojrvVA7JvTJLRsQsoc3Nlx/s1600/pip-installation_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The pakages have been installed. Now we can test if we have setup the remote repository correctly on our pre-prod development machine using the following command in the Hugo project directory.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ git ls-remote prod</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Installing Hugo on Production</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Run the following command to download the latest hugo package and then install using ‘<b>dpkg</b>’ command as shown in the image.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ wget https://github.com/spf13/hugo/releases/download/v0.15/hugo_0.15_amd64.deb</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo dpkg -i hugo_0.15_amd64.deb</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For confirmation run the command below to check the version of your Hugo installation.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ hugo version</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now clone Hugo themes directly from Github into your home directory by executing the command below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ git clone --recursive https://github.com/spf13/hugoThemes ~/themes</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Nginx Configuration to Serve Production Files</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Here we will be configuring the Nginx <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux-Server" target="_blank">web server</a> to serve the files produced during the deployment. To do so we will create a new directory in our user’s home and then configure the default configuration file of Nginx to make a few adjustments.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/public_html</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default</span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9SIKfpXV6bLg_JroksDY1_yuyspJjZZbF6IvGI3L-48kGc4DHAwBbWzYoGxTnPcXiFeuOJhWaaQjWg0VQaXWm0DPrsNRZHs3bKi2GGkI1wpNmlD-3d-ru7luYj0IDacnSzQKQhPZZwVR/s1600/hugo_configuration_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9SIKfpXV6bLg_JroksDY1_yuyspJjZZbF6IvGI3L-48kGc4DHAwBbWzYoGxTnPcXiFeuOJhWaaQjWg0VQaXWm0DPrsNRZHs3bKi2GGkI1wpNmlD-3d-ru7luYj0IDacnSzQKQhPZZwVR/s1600/hugo_configuration_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Make sure that you have changed the document root path and server name according to your server IP address or domain name.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then restart Nginx services, so that the changes will be applied.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo service nginx restart</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Creating Post-Receive Hook to Deploy Hugo Site</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this step we will be ready to work on post-receive hook deployment scripts by creating a new file in the ‘hooks’ directory present in the bare directory of our production server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Change your directory to the ‘hooks’ and create a new file and put the following contents in it as shown below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd hugo_web.git/hooks/
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web.git/hooks$ vim post-receive

GIT_REPO=$HOME/hugo_web.git
WORKING_DIRECTORY=$HOME/hugo_web-working
PUBLIC_WWW=$HOME/public_html
BACKUP_WWW=$HOME/backup_html
MY_DOMAIN=162.253.55.241

set -e

rm -rf $WORKING_DIRECTORY
rsync -aqz $PUBLIC_WWW/ $BACKUP_WWW
trap "echo 'An issue has been occurred.  Reverting to backup.'; rsync -aqz --del $BACKUP_WWW/ $PUBLIC_WWW; rm -rf $WORKING_DIRECTORY" EXIT

git clone $GIT_REPO $WORKING_DIRECTORY
rm -rf $PUBLIC_WWW/*
/usr/bin/hugo -s $WORKING_DIRECTORY -d $PUBLIC_WWW -b "http://${MY_DOMAIN}"
rm -rf $WORKING_DIRECTORY
trap – EXIT</code></span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this file, after indicating the bash script, we have setup the ‘git_repo’ to our bare repository. Then, mention the ‘Working_Directory’ to clone this bare repository, while the ‘<b>Public_www</b>’ variable and backup web folder will be kept accessible through the ‘<b>Backup_www</b>’ variable.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One thing that you should keep in mind is to change ‘My_Domain’ parameter with your production server’s IP. In the second part of the script, use a bash command, ‘set -e’ to exit immediately in case of any error.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the last part of our script we have used the ‘trap’ command, so that in case of deployment failure the trap command will restore our backup copy to the web document root directory.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW24K7bWVwmrWS4uW2gMlADMNQIiWuO4Ff3sRhzr8ekMChQf9kAh22eyeTybzzgMjvrFQO-IwnJmS9HaVOPcSnkBXbLvEFB5V6rwqPP5W3L8iECG_hm-v84PhSa6sjFudLTDUY6lLJ-8GO/s1600/Post-Receive-Hook-to-Deploy-Hugo-Site_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW24K7bWVwmrWS4uW2gMlADMNQIiWuO4Ff3sRhzr8ekMChQf9kAh22eyeTybzzgMjvrFQO-IwnJmS9HaVOPcSnkBXbLvEFB5V6rwqPP5W3L8iECG_hm-v84PhSa6sjFudLTDUY6lLJ-8GO/s1600/Post-Receive-Hook-to-Deploy-Hugo-Site_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After completing the file configuration, use below command to give it executable permissions.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web.git/hooks$ chmod +x post-receive</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Testing Deployment System</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is the last step to test our production deployment system after completing the configurations. To do so, simply execute the bash script that we created in the previous step.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web.git/hooks$ bash post-receive</span>

<code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cloning into '/home/ubuntu/hugo_web-working'...
done.
0 of 2 drafts rendered
0 future content
2 pages created
0 paginator pages created
0 tags created
0 categories created
in 17 ms</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now you can open your web browser by giving the IP or FQDN of your production server to see the same contents you have configured in your pre-prod server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If you wish to add some more content, go back to your development server and run the command below to add a new post.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ hugo new post/Testing-Deployment.md</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A new file will be opened in your default editor, so put some new contents and close the file after saving the changes. Then run the following commands to add the contents to git and commit the changes.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">root@ubuntu:~/hugo_web$ git add .</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">root@ubuntu:~/hugo_web$ git commit -m 'Deployment test'</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now run the following command to deploy the new contents on the pre-prod to the production server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ git push prod master</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now visit your production server’s IP address in your web browser. You will be glad to see your new content in your web browser.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" target="_blank">www.hackthesec.co.in</a><br /><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" target="_blank">Hackthesec</a></div>
</div>
</div>

How To Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu 14.04

Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu Hugo is an open source static site generator. Static site generators build a w...

How to configure HTTP authentication with Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04

<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">/usr/bin/htpasswd</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now, we can proceed with the creation of our `<b>.htpasswd</b>` file which will contain the information about the username and the password.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Creating User and Password</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here we will create a `<b>.htpasswd</b>` file under the document root directory of our virtual host or website being served by Nginx. Let’s run the following command that will create the file and add the user with an encrypted password.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">root@ubuntu-14:~# htpasswd -c /etc/nginx/.htpasswd testuser</span></span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVW17xmzge_IJln7Rlctu5l5kT3iFkzkj5WhD2SoDbs7uWGnQaK2PAc1MgVNKgxtE5eWCDNDDiKMQo66q4t5yx2X2pAhe9nHPSS1vi6xHfEp6KE-IPnKMiG_gN9JZFYH5DV7xBxXSdnkSN/s1600/htpasswd_creation_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVW17xmzge_IJln7Rlctu5l5kT3iFkzkj5WhD2SoDbs7uWGnQaK2PAc1MgVNKgxtE5eWCDNDDiKMQo66q4t5yx2X2pAhe9nHPSS1vi6xHfEp6KE-IPnKMiG_gN9JZFYH5DV7xBxXSdnkSN/s1600/htpasswd_creation_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the above command we can describe the used parameters where `<b>/etc/nginx/</b>` is the directory that we want to set for the authentication while `testuser` is the new user name that will be used for authentication purposes. So after executing the command, it will ask for the new password to set for the new user and that’s it! We’re done with the new user setup for our web directory.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Nginx Configurations Update</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now we will modify the Nginx configuration file to use the .htpasswd file. In our case, we will be using our virtual host’s Nginx configuration file located in `<b>/etc/nginx/sites-available/</b>` directory. Make sure that you are using the right configuration file as your domain config may have a different name.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let’s open the virtual host conf file using any editor you are comfortable with.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">root@ubuntu-14:~# vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/test.com</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Press `i` for insertion mode and add the following two lines as required under the servers section.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">auth_basic "Username and Password required";</span>

<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Press `<b>Esc</b>` key and type `<b>:wq!</b>` to save the changes in the configuration file of your virtual hosts file.</span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4PHxeW48OBrfVbBBKGiuBjj9PDz_Fp_wS5iY5d5nRAtwmZqpzLTGDWz55hzt9Ar1qI7ZLKcG_oNIK-Zksu0M809U0IPOnyREdkXiUl34VwgczgI983sR2gA2op-jqv4DQtgoRUliELO9x/s1600/htpasswd_setup-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4PHxeW48OBrfVbBBKGiuBjj9PDz_Fp_wS5iY5d5nRAtwmZqpzLTGDWz55hzt9Ar1qI7ZLKcG_oNIK-Zksu0M809U0IPOnyREdkXiUl34VwgczgI983sR2gA2op-jqv4DQtgoRUliELO9x/s1600/htpasswd_setup-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The first line defines the text that we will see in the login box when we access the folder using a web browser and the second one contains the path to our `.htpasswd` file where the username and the password is stored.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Restart Nginx</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now, to implement the changes on our test virtual host, reload or restart the nginx services and access the domain that has been secured using Basic HTTP Authentication.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">root@ubuntu-14:~# service nginx restart</span>

<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">* Restarting nginx nginx</span></span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Secure Web Access</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Access your website by providing your configured domain name or IP address or the domain path that you have secured and you will notice a browser prompt to enter the login and password as shown below. After providing the preconfigured username and password you will be able to see your web page.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">http://your_domain_name/</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnw_iB7zYNdR3MadSQPQwagLL1-35s8mRghIO4TTMaFI24FGHgOaCKiVcHrxoLM5QHX4JmiZ_N2p-0qDsq4vCdcmsFn3kPkY1qj8zouYkOGrORj2dAkf3xpsGXgAdt3d5BY1IMyPX62Yxd/s1600/login_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnw_iB7zYNdR3MadSQPQwagLL1-35s8mRghIO4TTMaFI24FGHgOaCKiVcHrxoLM5QHX4JmiZ_N2p-0qDsq4vCdcmsFn3kPkY1qj8zouYkOGrORj2dAkf3xpsGXgAdt3d5BY1IMyPX62Yxd/s1600/login_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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How to configure HTTP authentication with Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04

HTTP authentication with Nginx on Ubuntu HTTP supports the use of several authentication mechanisms to control access to pages and other...

How to protect your SSH server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu

enabled  = true
port     = ssh
filter   = sshd
logpath  = /var/log/auth.log
maxretry = 4</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This section makes <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SSH_Security" target="_blank">SSH monitoring active</a>, it listens on the SSH port for the ssh dameon, using the log file location <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><b>/var/log/auth.log</b></code> and bans the IP address of the user that will have 4 failed login attempts.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After all settings are made, we need to restart fail2ban and it will start monitoring the log files according to our settings, you can also check which rules are currently applied with the following <b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">iptables</code> </b>command.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fail2ban is one of the most widely used applications when it comes to server security. It is very simple and effective, so you shouldn’t think twice in order to decide to install it on your server. It is a must have application.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>

How to protect your SSH server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu

Protect your SSH server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu The most suitable application for this purpose is Fail2ban . It is an intrusion prevent...

How to add extra swap space on CentOS 6.X

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;">
<u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><i>Add extra swap space on CentOS 6</i></span></u></h1>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS 6</a> swap space or simply swap is something that is used by the operating system when the system requires more memory that the physical memory installed on the server. In that case, the operating system is using parts from the hard drives as if they were physical memory.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This sounds very good, but the only downside of this is that the hard drives are significantly slower than the RAM memory, so this will decrease the server performance in general. However, having enough memory available is very important for our server to be stable and run smooth so we should always have swap space available on our <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux" target="_blank">Linux server</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before we add more SWAP space, we need to create the swap file. We will use the <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">dd</code> </b></span>command to create the swap file. <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">dd</code> </b></span>is built in command in <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS </a>whose primary purpose is to convert and copy a file .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this case <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">if</code> </b></span>(input file) is <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/dev/zero</b></span></code> and <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">of</code> </b></span>(output file) is the destination where we want to save the file. Basically, we are going to create 1GB file that will consist of zeros only and use that as a swap later.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1024
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next, we need to set up file so it is can be used as swap space. We will use <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">mkswap</code> </b></span>command for that:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># mkswap /swapfile
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The swap file must be owned by root and have proper permissions:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">#chown root:root /swapfile
#chmod 0600 /swapfile</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once this is done, the only thing left is to activate and start using the swap space.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># swapon /swapfile
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">That’s it. We got another 1GB of swap space. If we wont to keep the space active after system reboot, we need to add an entry into <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/etc/fstab</b></span></code> file. Open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/etc/fstab</b></span></code> file using your favorite text editor and add the following entry:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Save and close the file. Next time Linux comes up after reboot, it enables the new swap file for you automatically.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We can verify that the swap was added by executing the command, the output should look like the following:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># free -m
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2026        990       1036          0        129        620
-/+ buffers/cache:        240       1786
Swap:         1024          0       1024</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to determine how often swap file is used (compared to the RAM usage) system uses system property that is called swappiness. Swappiness is a property of the Linux kernel that changes the balance between swapping out runtime memory, as opposed to dropping pages from the system page cache. Swappiness can be set to values between 0 and 100 inclusive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A low value means the kernel will try to avoid swapping as much as possible where a higher value instead will make the kernel aggressively try to use swap space. The default value is 60. We can set the swappiness with the following command:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">sysctl vm.swappiness=10
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now you have swap file on your system, which means you have more memory for the system to work with. This will make your system more stable at the cost of HDD space used by the swap file. </span></div>
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