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How to find files containing specific text in Linux

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Find files containing specific text in Linux</div>
 
Find files containing specific text using grep command 
grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search a regular expression and print), which has the same effect: doing a global search with the regular expression and printing all matching lines. Grep was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSfa5gfpg7IHq5mo4T7SHu_Cl3baveLg-xsoRu3kxODgKyT2LN2J7nwZThgySbn7tR5rogvXIbYnjg4nDea8sLQazM9oEpGHniruu0_fTDG58SasIVf0NZWEmjyQ9w9UtlcmquEhNQRA/s1600/find-command-in-linux-hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSfa5gfpg7IHq5mo4T7SHu_Cl3baveLg-xsoRu3kxODgKyT2LN2J7nwZThgySbn7tR5rogvXIbYnjg4nDea8sLQazM9oEpGHniruu0_fTDG58SasIVf0NZWEmjyQ9w9UtlcmquEhNQRA/s1600/find-command-in-linux-hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
 
grep command syntax 
 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">grep "text string to search” directory-path</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">grep [option] "text string to search” directory-path</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">grep -r "text string to search” directory-path</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">grep -r -H "text string to search” directory-path</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">egrep -R "word-1|word-2” directory-path</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">egrep -w -R "word-1|word-2” directory-path</pre>
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Find files containing specific text using grep command examples</div>
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In this example, we will search for 'PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START' in all configuration files located in /etc directory.</div>
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Now there's a small problem, depending on your Linux distro, Find command Syntax can be slightly different.</div>
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*If you know the exact location and directory you're after, then use</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/pulseaudio 
PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
</pre>
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*If you know the exact directory with the files containing that specific text, then use</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/*
grep: /etc/default/kdm.d: Is a directory
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#
</pre>
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If you don't know the exact location of the file that contains the specific text you’re looking for, then you need to search all sub-directories recursively.</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -r "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/*
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -R "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/*
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</pre>
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Now what if you are searching through a massive file and there might be many outputs similar to what you’re looking for.. you might want to use --col flag to color code your output which searching files containing specific strings.</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep --col 'usb 1-1.4' /var/log/messages
Apr 4 09:14:25 kali kernel: [1191164.780496] usb 1-1.4: new low-speed USB device number 21 using ehci-pci
root@hackthesec:~#</pre>
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Now I want to display all files with colorer output with containing specific text and instead of showing the whole content of the files</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep --col -r 'Linux version 3.14-kali1' /var/log/* | cut -d: -f1
/var/log/dmesg
/var/log/dmesg.0
/var/log/installer/syslog
root@hackthesec:~#</pre>
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When you're using grep, depending on the commands used and permission you have on the system, you might see any of the following errors.</div>
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* Input/output error</div>
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* recursive directory loop</div>
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* No such file or directory</div>
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* No such device or address</div>
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* Permission denied</div>
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If you want to hide all errors or warning message spamming your output window(specifically useful when you're trying to use grep on a script) generated by the grep command, append 2>/dev/null to grep command. This will send and hide unwanted output to /dev/null device:</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -R "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/* 2>/dev/null 
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
/etc/init.d/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/init.d/pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc0.d/K01pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc0.d/K01pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc1.d/K01pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc1.d/K01pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc2.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc2.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc3.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc3.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc4.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc4.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc5.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc5.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc6.d/K01pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc6.d/K01pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
root@hackthesec:~#</pre>
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What if you're not sure about the case of the text you're after? You can use -i to ignore case.</div>
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Below example shows the difference between -i flag. First command didn’t find the text, second command did as we used -i flag to ignore case.</div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -r "pulseaudio_system_start" /etc/default/*
root@hackthesec:~# 
root@hackthesec:~# grep -i -r "pulseaudio_system_start" /etc/default/*
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</pre>
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I always prefer using grep command with -r and --col flag in Debian Linux as -r complains less about permissions, files, directory etc. and of course some color helps on the eyes when you’re browsing through many lines.</div>
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<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">HackTheSec</a></div>
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How to find files containing specific text in Linux

Find files containing specific text in Linux Find files containing specific text using grep command grep is a command-line utility for ...

Cryptmount – A Utility to Create Encrypted Filesystems in Linux

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cryptmount is a utility for GNU/Linux operating systems which allows an ordinary user to mount an encrypted filing system without requiring superuser privileges. It is aimed at Linux systems using the 2.6 kernel series or later. 
 
 
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<a href="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/crypt-img.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="700" src="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/crypt-img.png" /></a></div>
 
Technical background 
 
There are currently two main approaches to using encrypted filesystems within the linux kernel: 
 
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>the cryptoloop device driver;</li>
<li>the device-mapper system, using the dm-crypt target.</li>
</ul>
 
The (older) cryptoloop system has grown in parallel with the loopback device-driver of 2.4 kernel series, but has now been superseded by the device-mapper capabilities of the 2.6 kernel series. The newer devmapper system offers a <a href="http://docs.linux.com/article.pl?sid=04/06/07/2036205&tid=72&tid=14&tid=35">cleaner organization</a> of encryption and device-access, and superior performance has <a href="http://deb.riseup.net/storage/encryption/dmcrypt">been noted</a>. Alternative user-space tools which allow individual files to be encrypted are also widely available, but allow some information about file sizes & organization to be exposed. 
 
With the older cryptoloop system, it was possible to describe all the details of an encrypted filesystem within /etc/fstab so that it could be configured completely by 'mount'. This meant that it was particularly easy to give any user permission to mount those encrypted filesystems simply by providing the 'user' option within /etc/fstab. 
 
With the newer device-mapper infrastructure, there are more stages involved in mounting an encrypted filing system, and neither does 'mount' currently allow this nor does the syntax of /etc/fstab lend itself to describing all the necessary filesystem parameters. This is especially so if the filesystem is stored in an ordinary file, which would require separate configuration of a loopback device and a devmapper target before the filesystem could be accessed. 
 
cryptmount was written to make it as easy for ordinary users to access encrypted filesystems on-demand using the newer devmapper mechansism as it was to use the older, now deprecated, cryptoloop methods. This offers the following advantages: 
 
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>access to improved functionality in the kernel</li>
<li>transparent support for filesystems stored on either raw disk partitions or loopback files</li>
<li></li>
<li style="font-size: 15px;">separate encryption of filesystem access keys, allowing access passwords to be changed without re-encrypting the entire filesystem</li>
<li>storing multiple encrypted filesystems within a single disk partition, using a designated subset of blocks for each</li>
<li>rarely used filesystems do not need to be mounted at system startup</li>
<li>un-mounting of each filesystem is locked so that this can only be performed by the user that mounted it, or the superuser</li>
<li>encrypted filesystems compatible with cryptsetup</li>
<li>encrypted access-keys can be chosen to be compatible with openssl, or managed via libgcrypt, or (for 2.0 release-series) built-in SHA1/Blowfish ciphers</li>
<li>support for encrypted swap partitions (superuser only)</li>
<li>support for setting up encrypted filesystems or crypto-swap at system boot-up</li>
</ul>
Install and Configure Cryptmount in Linux 
 
On Debian/Ubuntu distributions, you can install Cryptmount using the following command line 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">sudo apt install cryptmount</pre>
On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora distributions,install it from source. First start installing the required package(s) to successfully build and use cryptmount. 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">yum install device-mapper-devel</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">yum groupinstall "Development tools"</pre>
Then download the latest Cryptmount source files. 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/cryptmount/cryptmount/cryptmount-5.2/cryptmount-5.2.4.tar.gz
tar -xzf cryptmount-5.2.4.tar.gz
cd cryptmount-5.2.4
./configure
make
make instal</pre>
 
After installation go for setup using bellow command line 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">cryptmount-setup</pre>
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Once the new encrypted filesystem is created, you can access it as follows (enter the name you specified for your target – hackthesec), you will be prompted to enter the password for the target. 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">cryptmount hackthesec
cd /home/crypt</pre>
To unmount the target run cd command to get out of the encrypted filesystem, then use the -u switch to unmount as shown. 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">cryptmount -u hackthesec</pre>
For more information you can use bellow command or you can visit cryptmount website  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">man cryptmount
man cmtab </pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">Website - <a href="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/">http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/</a></pre>
 
Troubleshooting in my case 
 
After installation i just received a error message from my ubuntu box 
"Taking backup of cryptmount master config-file (@ETCDIR@/cmtab.bckp-setup)...mv: cannot stat '@ETCDIR@/cmtab': No such file or directory" 
 
for this error just follow bellow commands  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@new:~# which cryptmount-setup
/usr/sbin/cryptmount-setup
</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">root@new:~# vi /usr/sbin/cryptmount-setup</pre>
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 </div>
and 
 
Changed from:  
CM_CFGDIR="@ETCDIR@"  
 
Changed to:  
 
CM_CFGDIR="/etc/cryptmount"

Cryptmount – A Utility to Create Encrypted Filesystems in Linux

cryptmount is a utility for GNU/Linux operating systems which allows an ordinary user to mount an encrypted filing system without requiring...

Open Source Disk Cloning/Backup Softwares for Linux

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Free Backup Tools to Clone Linux System Disk</div>
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Clonezilla is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program similar to True Image® or Norton Ghost®. It helps you to do system deployment, bare metal backup and recovery. Two types of Clonezilla are available, Clonezilla live and Clonezilla SE (server edition). Clonezilla live is suitable for single machine backup and restore. While Clonezilla SE is for massive deployment, it can clone many (40 plus!) computers simultaneously. Clonezilla saves and restores only used blocks in the hard disk. This increases the clone efficiency. With some high-end hardware in a 42-node cluster, a multicast restoring at rate 8 GB/min was reported. 
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Features: 
Many File systems are supported: (1) ext2, ext3, ext4, reiserfs, reiser4, xfs, jfs, btrfs, f2fs and nilfs2 of GNU/Linux, (2) FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS of MS Windows, (3) HFS+ of Mac OS, (4) UFS of FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, (5) minix of Minix, and (6) VMFS3 and VMFS5 of VMWare ESX. Therefore you can clone GNU/Linux, MS windows, Intel-based Mac OS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Minix, VMWare ESX and Chrome OS/Chromium OS, no matter it's 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x86-64) OS. For these file systems, only used blocks in partition are saved and restored by Partclone. For unsupported file system, sector-to-sector copy is done by dd in Clonezilla. 
 
*LVM2 (LVM version 1 is not) under GNU/Linux is supported. 
 
*Boot loader, including grub (version 1 and version 2) and syslinux, could be reinstalled. 
 
*Both MBR and GPT partition formats of hard drive are supported. Clonezilla live also can be booted on a BIOS or uEFI machine. 
 
*Unattended mode is supported. Almost all steps can be done via commands and options. You can also use a lot of boot parameters to customize your own imaging and cloning. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYt5Pqwii1PmH4y3v-UoSjPspg8VvFt-UBzEaw6r81DVgtzBVOhdoSFDjIf2G2O44nDESgLwka0U89fj1PjCcinPfc5oXFmKihWOn6p2589AzJKeOk5JqCb5UUwNiL1maKE8W4xwpIRQX/s1600/clonezilla.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYt5Pqwii1PmH4y3v-UoSjPspg8VvFt-UBzEaw6r81DVgtzBVOhdoSFDjIf2G2O44nDESgLwka0U89fj1PjCcinPfc5oXFmKihWOn6p2589AzJKeOk5JqCb5UUwNiL1maKE8W4xwpIRQX/s1600/clonezilla.png" /></a></div>
 
*One image restoring to multiple local devices is supported. 
 
*Image could be encrypted. This is done with ecryptfs, a POSIX-compliant enterprise cryptographic stacked filesystem. 
 
*Multicast is supported in Clonezilla SE, which is suitable for massive clone. You can also remotely use it to save or restore a bunch of computers if PXE and Wake-on-LAN are supported in your clients. 
 
*The image file can be on local disk, ssh server, samba server, NFS server or WebDAV server. 
 
*AES-256 encryption could be used to secures data access, storage and transfer. 
 
*Based on Partclone (default), Partimage (optional), ntfsclone (optional), or dd to image or clone a partition. However, Clonezilla, containing some other programs, can save and restore not only partitions, but also a whole disk. 
 
 
*By using another free software drbl-winroll, which is also developed by us, the hostname, group, and SID of cloned MS windows machine can be automatically changed. 
You may download the latest version of Clonezilla <a href="http://clonezilla.org/downloads.php">here</a>. 
                                               <a href="http://clonezilla.org/downloads.php">DOWNLOAD</a> 
 
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dd (data duplicator) </h3>
Dd- Mighty Disk Destroyer. Many Admins fear and even cower when the letters DD are mentioned together DD can be your best friend. Being that you are a Linux Professional and or want to be a professional, you are sometimes faced with the need to clone, backup and or restore Hard Drive images On the Fly. Secondly, you many want to create backups of Hard Drives for future deployment. Lastly, sometimes you have a failing Hard Drive that needs to be migrated over to a good Hard Drive. 
 
dd command must be used with caution. This command is so powerful and could wipe your data if you use it the wrong way. 
 
 
For example: To clone disk 1 (/dev/sdb) to disk 2 (/dev/sda), use the following command: 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sda status=progress</pre>
For More information about DD you can use bellow command from your terminal  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># man dd</pre>
Or you can visit this website : - <a href="https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-dd-command/">Link </a> 
 
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Partclone</h3>
<div>
Partclone is a program similar to the well-known backup utility "Partition Image" a.k.a partimage. Partclone provides utilities to save and restore used blocks on a partition and is designed for higher compatibility of the file system by using existing libraries, e.g. e2fslibs is used to read and write the ext2 partition.</div>
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<div>
Partclone now supports ext2, ext3, ext4, hfs+, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, vmfs3, vmfs5, xfs, jfs, ufs, ntfs, fat(12/16/32), exfat, f2fs, nilfs. The available programs are:</div>
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 </div>
<div>
partclone.btrfs</div>
<div>
partclone.ext2, partclone.ext3, partclone.ext4</div>
<div>
partclone.fat32, partclone.fat12, partclone.fat16</div>
<div>
partclone.ntfs</div>
<div>
partclone.exfat</div>
<div>
partclone.hfsp</div>
<div>
partclone.jfs</div>
<div>
partclone.reiserfs</div>
<div>
partclone.reiser4</div>
<div>
partclone.ufs (with SU+J)</div>
<div>
partclone.vmfs (v3 and v5)</div>
<div>
partclone.xfs</div>
<div>
partclone.f2fs</div>
<div>
partclone.nilfs2</div>
<div>
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<div>
Partclone support local and remote ssh server to store the backup image. </div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># partclone.ext4 -c -s /dev/sda1 -o ~/data1.img</pre>
</div>
<div>
The command will backup an ext4 partition (/dev/sda1) to data1.img image file. To restore from an image file, use the following command:</div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># partclone.ext4 -r -o /dev/sda1</pre>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://partclone.org/download/">Download Partclone</a> </div>
 
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Deepin Clone</h3>
<div>
Deepin Clone is a tool to backup and restore developed by Deepin Technology. It supports to clone, backup and restore disk or partition. And works with Deepin Recovery to fix the boot, partition and so on.</div>
<div>
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<div>
<div>
Project Location:</div>
<div>
Source Code Location: <a href="https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone">https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone</a></div>
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 </div>
<div>
Beta Version Location: <a href="https://cr.deepin.io/#/admin/projects/deepin-clone">https://cr.deepin.io/#/admin/projects/deepin-clone</a></div>
</div>
 
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Redo Backup</h3>
Redo Bakcup is a Live CD tool to clone your drivers easily, Redo Backup is a free & Open Source Live System licensed under GPL 3 to do the job, Features are as the website says. 
 
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Easy graphical user interface boots from CD in less than a minute</li>
<li>No installation needed; runs from a CD-ROM or a USB stick</li>
<li>Saves and restores Windows and Linux machines</li>
<li>Automatically finds local network shares</li>
<li>Access your files even if you can't log in</li>
<li>Recover deleted pictures, documents, and other files</li>
<li>Internet access with a full-featured browser to download drivers</li>
<li>Live CD download size is only about 250MB</li>
</ul>
 
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://redobackup.org/download.php">Download Redo Backup</a></div>
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Mondo Rescue</h3>
Mondo is reliable. It backs up your GNU/Linux server or workstation to tape, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R[W], DVD+R[W], NFS or hard disk partition. In the event of catastrophic data loss, you will be able to restore all of your data [or as much as you want], from bare metal if necessary. Mondo is in use by Lockheed-Martin, Nortel Networks, Siemens, HP, IBM, NASA's JPL, the US Dept of Agriculture, dozens of smaller companies, and tens of thousands of users. 
 
Mondo is comprehensive. Mondo supports LVM 1/2, RAID, ext2, ext3, ext4, JFS, XFS, ReiserFS, VFAT, and can support additional filesystems easily: just e-mail the mailing list with your request. It supports software raid as well as most hardware raid controllers. It supports adjustments in disk geometry, including migration from non-RAID to RAID. It supports BIOS and UEFI boot modes. Mondo runs on all major Linux distributions (Fedora, RHEL, OpenSUSE, SLES, Mageia, Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo) and is getting better all the time. You may even use it to backup non-Linux partitions, such as NTFS. 
 
Mondo is free! It has been published under the GPL v2 (GNU Public License), partly to expose it to thousands of potential beta-testers but mostly as a contribution to the Linux community. 
 
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.mondorescue.org/downloads.shtml">Download Mondo </a></div>
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doClone</h3>
DoClone is a free project developed in C++ for creating or restoring GNU/Linux systems images. It can also work on a LAN to transfer data within computers. This tool provides an easy way to manage the GNU/Linux installation in offices or schools, including machines with different hardware, e.g., different hard-disk sizes, using only the space required by the data. 
Features are as the website says. 
 
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Supports 12 filesystems.</li>
<li>Supports 9 disk labels.</li>
<li>Clones disks or partitions with different sizes.</li>
<li>Clones selinux systems.</li>
<li>GRUB boot loader restoration.</li>
<li>Multiple cloning on a LAN.</li>
<li>UUID's and filesystem labels cloning.</li>
<li>Live cloning: a system can make images of itself.</li>
</ul>
<div>
This program is free software and is distributed under the GNU GPL v3 License.</div>
 
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #2d3134; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 80px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Latest version is 0.8.0:  <a href="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/doclone/doclone-0.8.0.tar.gz" style="border: 0px none; color: #45639f; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Download</a></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #2d3134; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 80px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/doclone/" style="border: 0px none; color: #45639f; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Explore the download directory</a></div>
</div>
 </div>

Open Source Disk Cloning/Backup Softwares for Linux

Free Backup Tools to Clone Linux System Disk Clonezilla is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program similar to True Image® or Norto...

How to Install and Configure Amanda Backup Server

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AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is a backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single master backup server to back up multiple hosts over network to tape drives/changers or disks or optical media. Amanda uses native utilities and formats (e.g. dump and/or GNU tar) and can back up a large number of servers and workstations running multiple versions of Linux or Unix. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8r3zI99geeFCqnAhyL_W4ik18Y2ec0_hKGF2wSvyU4U0dgSK0miJgw1xFeuvbRMWYRoeVwiF0YUm6D89lr2QNPKYSqXYs2LI96wZoVv-nz9VoQdEVHvRd1ymdfG1px2u_Nvpt6BySxig/s1600/amanda1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8r3zI99geeFCqnAhyL_W4ik18Y2ec0_hKGF2wSvyU4U0dgSK0miJgw1xFeuvbRMWYRoeVwiF0YUm6D89lr2QNPKYSqXYs2LI96wZoVv-nz9VoQdEVHvRd1ymdfG1px2u_Nvpt6BySxig/s1600/amanda1.png" /></a></div>
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Install Amanda Server</div>
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==============</div>
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Install amanda packages using yum:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># yum install -y amanda*</pre>
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Create the configuration file. I am going to name this backup project is ServerNetBackup. We need to create a directory named by this project and all configuration files for this project will be underneath it:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup</pre>
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Create the core configuration file, amanda.conf:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">vim /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/amanda.conf</pre>
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And paste following line:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">org "ServerNetBackup" # Organization name for reports
mailto "address@hackthesec.co.in" # Email address to receive reports
netusage 10000 Kbps # Bandwidth limit, 10M
 
dumpcycle 1 week # Backup cycle is 7 days
runspercycle 7 # Run 7 times every 7 days
tapecycle 15 tapes # Dump to 15 different tapes during the cycle
tpchanger "chg-disk" # The tape-changer glue script
 
changerfile "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/changer" # The tape-changer file
 
tapedev "file://central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots" # The no-rewind tape device to be used
tapetype HARDDISK # Define the type of tape
 
infofile "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/curinfo" # Database directory
logdir "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/logs" # Log directory
indexdir "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/index" # Index directory
 
define tapetype HARDDISK { # Define our tape behaviour
length 100000 mbytes # Every tape is 100GB in size
}
 
amrecover_changer "changer" # Changer for amrecover
 
define dumptype global { # The global dump definition
maxdumps 2 # The maximum number of backups run in parallel
estimate calcsize # Estimate the backup size before dump
holdingdisk yes # Dump to temp disk (holdingdisk) before backup to tape
index yes # Generate index. For restoration usage
}
 
define dumptype root-tar { # How to dump root's directory
global # Include global (as above)
program "GNUTAR" # Program name for compress
comment "root partitions dumped with tar"
compress none # No compress
index # Index this dump
priority low # Priority level
}
 
define dumptype user-tar { # How to dump user's directory
root-tar # Include root-tar (as above)
comment "user partitions dumped with tar"
priority medium # Priority level
}
 
define dumptype comp-user-tar { # How to dump & compress user's directory
user-tar # Include user-tar (as above)
compress client fast # Compress in client side with less CPU (fast)
}</pre>
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Configure Backup Location</div>
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=================</div>
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Prepare the directory to store all backups:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">mkdir -p /central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots</pre>
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Assign correct permission to user amandabackup for the configuration directory and backup directory:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ chown amandabackup.disk /central_backup -Rf
$ chown amandabackup.disk /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup -Rf</pre>
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Login as user amandabackup:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">su - amandabackup</pre>
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Create the virtual tape. This is where the backup files will be stored. We will need to create 15 slots as per tapecycle keyword:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ for n in `seq 1 15`; do mkdir /central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots/slot${n}; done</pre>
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We then need to label all slots:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ for n in `seq 1 15` ; do amlabel ServerNetBackup ServerNetBackup-${n} slot ${n}; done</pre>
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Create all required directories as defined in the configuration file:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/curinfo
$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/logs
$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/index</pre>
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Configure Service and What to Backup</div>
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</div>
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We need to define what to backup in a file called disklist. As user amandabackup, create this file:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ su - amandabackup
$ vim /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/disklist</pre>
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And add following line:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">sv101.hackthesec.co.in /home/webby/public_html comp-user-tar
gogogo.hackthesec.co.in /etc root-tar</pre>
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Notes: Make sure the hostname is FQDN and can be resolved to an IP. Add the host entry into /etc/hosts is recomended.</div>
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Exit from amandabackup user and get back to root user:</div>
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Enable amanda service in xinetd.d directory:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">vim /etc/xinetd.d/amanda</pre>
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And change following line from "yes" to "no"</div>
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Enable on boot and restart xinetd service:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ chkconfig xinetd on
$ service xinetd restart</pre>
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Check the amanda server whether it is running properly by using following command:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ netstat -a | grep amanda
udp 0 0 *:amanda *:*</pre>
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If you see result as above, amanda server is ready to serve!</div>
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Install Amanda Backup Client</div>
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======================</div>
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</div>
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Login to the client’s server and install required package for Amanda using yum:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ yum install -y amanda amanda-client</pre>
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As user amandabackup, add following line into /var/lib/amanda/.amandahosts to specify where is Amanda backup server:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ su - amandabackup
$ vim /var/lib/amanda/.amandahosts</pre>
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And make sure the value as below:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">office.hackthesec.co.in amandabackup amdump
localhost amandabackup amdump
localhost.localdomain amandabackup amdump</pre>
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Exit from user amandabackup and turn to root user:</div>
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 </div>
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Enable amanda service in xinetd.d directory:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ vim /etc/xinetd.d/amanda</pre>
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And change following line from"yes" to "no"</div>
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 </div>
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Enable on boot and start the xinetd service</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ chkconfig xinetd on
$ service xinetd start</pre>
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Add an entry in /etc/hosts to define backup server IP by adding following line:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">125.10.90.90 office.hackthesec.co.in</pre>
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In some case, you may need to change the permission of the directory that you want to backup. For example, I need to allow user amandabackup to access directory /home/webby/public_html to create backup:</div>
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 </div>
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</div>
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As root user, change the permission of the directory:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ chmod 755 /home/webby</pre>
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Run the Backup Process</div>
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=================</div>
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</div>
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Now go back to the Amanda server and check our configuration file as amandabackup user:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ su - amandabackup
$ amcheck ServerNetBackup</pre>
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You should see the output similar to this:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">Client check: 2 host checked in 2.070 seconds. 0 problems found.</pre>
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If no error found, you can start the backup process immediately by running following command:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ amdump ServerNetBackup</pre>
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Or, we can automate this process using cronjob. Run following command as amandabackup user:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ crontab -e</pre>
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And add following line:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">45 0 * * 2-6 /usr/sbin/amdump ServerNetBackup</pre>
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As root user, reload the crond service to activate this job:</div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">$ service crond reload</pre>
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 </div>
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<a href="http://forums.zmanda.com/" style="background-color: #7baac3; color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.36px; font-weight: 900; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;">Amanda forums</a><a href="http://forums.zmanda.com/" style="background-color: #7baac3; color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.36px; font-weight: 900; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Tapetype%20definitions" style="color: white; display: block; font-size: 15.36px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;">Tape Type List</a><a href="http://forums.zmanda.com/" style="background-color: #7baac3; color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.36px; font-weight: 900; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Main_Page" style="background-color: #d7e6ee; color: #0f519a; display: block; font-size: 15.36px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;">Amanda Wiki</a></div>
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 </div>
</div>

How to Install and Configure Amanda Backup Server

AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is a backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single mas...

How to Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9

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<div style="text-align: center;">
Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
 </div>
Today we are going to guide you install LEMP stack to brand new Debian GNU/Linux 9 Stretch. <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/LEMP">LEMP</a> stands for Linux, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/NGINX">Nginx </a>(as in Engine X), MySQL and PHP. From Debian 9, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/MariaDB">Mariadb</a> is the default mysql server. But you can also choose <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql">mysql</a> for installation. It is the counterpart of more popular LAMP stack except instead of Apache httpd we use nginx. Earlier we have tried LEMP stack on Ubuntu and docker container.  
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg_CyZ2-sqaQ5zeqH6JsLUMcrlZhFxzGRc4-5qXc-zZ4ME2BNzx1EM_rKnNCfr3RsjuKfAEKXP23KNH8bvXNA7loj4U5OLKY70uZxVjad0ZRjH0DwLC9PETejcnlyZL0rY1uIxcLrXvh4/s1600/Debian9_LAMP.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="713" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg_CyZ2-sqaQ5zeqH6JsLUMcrlZhFxzGRc4-5qXc-zZ4ME2BNzx1EM_rKnNCfr3RsjuKfAEKXP23KNH8bvXNA7loj4U5OLKY70uZxVjad0ZRjH0DwLC9PETejcnlyZL0rY1uIxcLrXvh4/s1600/Debian9_LAMP.png" /></a></div>
 
Installing Nginx, Mariadb and PHP 
 
Installation of nginx, MariaDB and PHP by bellow command line from bash terminal  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">apt install nginx mysql-server mysql-client php-fpm php-mysql libfcgi0ldbl</pre>
Now start all needed services with systemd and enable them to start at boot 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"># systemctl start php7.0-fpm nginx mysql
# systemctl enable php7.0-fpm nginx mysql</pre>
Configuring LEMP Stack 
 
Now Configure the mysql through bellow command line and use "y" for every question and set the mysql root password.  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">mysql_secure_installation</pre>
Now you need to bind socket for fastcgi through bellow command line  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">cgi-fcgi -bind -connect /run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock</pre>
Now we are going to configure sites in nginx configuration folder. First we move default config as backup for security purpose 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">mv /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/df.bk</pre>
After that we will make our own configuration file by bellow command line 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default</pre>
After that paste the bellow lines on the "default" empty file  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"> server {
 listen 80 default_server;
 listen [::]:80 default_server;
 root /var/www/html;
 index index.php index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;

server_name _;
        location / {
                try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        }

location ~ \.php$ {
 include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
 fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
 }
}</pre>
<div>
 </div>
Now make a index.php file in /var/www/html/ by bellow command line 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > /var/www/html/index.php</pre>
Now check the mysql is working properly or not. First create a database user and password also a database on the mysql by follow command line  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">mysql -u root -e "CREATE USER 'hackthesec'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'test@123';"

mysql -u root -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'hackthesec'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION"</pre>
To check the mysql is working or not use the following command 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">nano /var/www/html/db.php</pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><?php
$dbh = mysqli_connect('localhost', 'hackthesec', 'test@123');
if (!$dbh) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully';
mysqli_close($dbh);
?></pre>
 
Now reboot the system or restart the services .. 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">systemctl restart php7.0-fpm nginx mysql</pre>
Now open your web browser and hit your web server ip you will see the bellow test page. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhog28ZsH9WCt0c57LCs99DOYAVXK9Q1py5BYGxBE_h4X_iJwRdJXq42WHOHT4xMvDvK4roIC0UsGHeS2uDNHpBfAORRVKQG8N5LcDZZf_RxOdfw1p5UJxx7XXwr4GRfl9U8ODB4w48ga4/s1600/LAMP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="1114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhog28ZsH9WCt0c57LCs99DOYAVXK9Q1py5BYGxBE_h4X_iJwRdJXq42WHOHT4xMvDvK4roIC0UsGHeS2uDNHpBfAORRVKQG8N5LcDZZf_RxOdfw1p5UJxx7XXwr4GRfl9U8ODB4w48ga4/s1600/LAMP.jpg" /></a></div>
Allow lamp on firewall through bellow commands  
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">ufw allow 3306/tcp
ufw allow 80/tcp
ufw allow 443/tcp (allow if you use https)</pre>
 
@Hackthesec</div>

How to Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9

Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9 Today we are going to guide you install LEMP stack to brand new Debian GNU/Linux 9 Stretch. LEMP stan...

Magnus Open Source VOIP Softswitch And Billing

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<div style="text-align: center;">
VOIP Softswitch And Billing Portal</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
 </div>
MagnusBilling is a VoIP Billing server system that brings together the best IP billing telephony software in the market, creating a comprehensive, flexible and superior tool. MagnusBilling was made for companies that need freedom to build their own VoIP server.  
 
You will be able to chose your termination, giving your business larger flexibility and autonomy. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8eMX5CtlAhfk9uyEIR0JEcJwOtUWuTzCVTFE_fypN1eDzL76jrmUr1qsZiXhtSc6pcsKP7sTAgJcymqJQAFrw1mGWFRaKaPY7l04jyiGNlAFYKxbFJmXmoYYeg96GSsSGM2uih4H-UbA/s1600/magnusbilling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="1349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8eMX5CtlAhfk9uyEIR0JEcJwOtUWuTzCVTFE_fypN1eDzL76jrmUr1qsZiXhtSc6pcsKP7sTAgJcymqJQAFrw1mGWFRaKaPY7l04jyiGNlAFYKxbFJmXmoYYeg96GSsSGM2uih4H-UbA/s1600/magnusbilling.jpg" /></a></div>
 
MagnusBilling is a free billing OpenSource to Asterisk. 
 
Features of magnusbilling 
 
Softswitch class 4 & 5 
Voice broadcasting 
CallingCard 
DID Management 
SMS sending 
CallShop 
CidCallBack 
0800Web 
IVR 
Call queue 
 
Integrated with asterisk 
 
Many More : - https://www.magnusbilling.com/wiki 
 
How to install it ================= 
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;">cd /usr/src
yum -y install wget
wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/magnusbilling/install.sh
chmod +x install.sh
./install.sh</pre>
 
WARNING!! THE SERVER WILL BE REBOOTED AFTER THE INSTALL!! 
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
MagnusBilling's dashboard: <a href="http://your_ip/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 400ms, background-color 400ms;">http://your_ip/</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Default user: root</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Default password: magnus</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Remember to change the root's password!!!</div>
 </div>

Magnus Open Source VOIP Softswitch And Billing

VOIP Softswitch And Billing Portal MagnusBilling is a VoIP Billing server system that brings together the best IP billing telephony sof...