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How to install Kali Linux on the Windows

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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kali-Linux On Windows</span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">No, really…this isn't clickbait. For the past few weeks, we’ve been working with the Microsoft WSL team to get Kali Linux introduced into the Microsoft App Store as an official WSL distribution and today we’re happy to </span><a href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/2018/03/05/kali-linux-for-wsl/" style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">announce </a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">the availability of the "Kali Linux" Windows application. For Windows 10 users, this means you can simply enable WSL, </span><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/p/kali-linux/9pkr34tncv07" style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">search for Kali</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"> in the Windows store, and install it with a single click. This is especially exciting news for penetration testers and security professionals who have limited toolsets due to enterprise compliance standards.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xYpiTa8ZfnbBhjjAIX2qo6e8J8vN6eyKuLPIJahICG9MD3BTioT5QLiO0lmreER2-0sfWQOXQP1r8q4D61DUBU4FGK0FUOky-6d6Qdc2qv9TzcVfb6-32Qb54egR3IK-VQtRW41GVdI/s1600/kali-windows-app-2018-hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="798" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xYpiTa8ZfnbBhjjAIX2qo6e8J8vN6eyKuLPIJahICG9MD3BTioT5QLiO0lmreER2-0sfWQOXQP1r8q4D61DUBU4FGK0FUOky-6d6Qdc2qv9TzcVfb6-32Qb54egR3IK-VQtRW41GVdI/s1600/kali-windows-app-2018-hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">While running Kali on Windows has a few drawbacks to running it natively (such as the lack of raw socket support), it does bring in some very interesting possibilities, such as extending your security toolkit to include a whole bunch of command line tools that are present in Kali. We will update our blog with more news and updates regarding the development of this app as it’s released.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">We’d like to take this opportunity to thank the WSL team at Microsoft, and specifically @tara_msft and @benhillis for all the assistance and guidance with which this feat would not be possible. We hope you enjoy WSL’d Kali on Windows 10!</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And now, a quick guide on getting Kali installed from the Microsoft App Store:</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><b>Getting Kali Linux Installed on WSL</b></u></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Here’s a quick description of the setup and installation process. For an easier copy / paste operation, these are the basic steps taken:</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">1. Update your Windows 10 machine. Open an administrative PowerShell window and install the Windows Subsystem with this one-liner. A reboot will be required once finished.</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">2. Once rebooted, open the Windows App store and search for the "Kali Linux" application, or alternatively click here to go there directly. Install the app and enjoy Kali!</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Updating Kali Linux on WSL</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Updating Kali Linux on WSL is no different from any other instance of Kali:</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">apt-get update
apt-get dist-upgrade</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Here’s a quick video of the process:</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Installing Penetration Testing tools on Kali</u></b></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Installing tools from the Kali Linux repository is usually done via apt commands. For example, to install the Metasploit Framework, you can simply:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">apt-get update
apt-get install metasploit-framework</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Note:</b> Some Kali tools are identified by antivirus software as malware. One way to deal with this situation is to allow antivirus exceptions on the directory in which the Kali chroot resides in. The following video walks you through this process:</span></span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/258892544?portrait=0&color=00adef" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: border-box; height: 448.875px; left: 0px; max-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 798px;" webkitallowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Recovering from a failed Kali WSL instance</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;"></span></span></span></u></b></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Sometimes, you can inadvertently kill your Kali WSL instance, due to an overzealous command, an unintentional action, or even due to Kali or WSL bugs. If this happens, here is a quick recovery guide to get back on top of things. Note: this process will wipe your Kali WSL chroot, and re-extract a new copy. Any changes made to the filesystem will be gone, and reset to default.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Food for thought</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The availability of the Kali Linux platform and toolset on Windows 10 brings with it many exciting possibilities which we havent even begun to grasp – here’s one example that got us scratching our heads. While not officially supported by WSL yet, we’ve tested running a desktop manager such as XFCE on WSL’d Kali…and it seems to work quite well:</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Main Source - </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://www.kali.org/news/kali-linux-in-the-windows-app-store/">https://www.kali.org/news/kali-linux-in-the-windows-app-store/</a></span></span><br />
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How to install Kali Linux on the Windows

Kali-Linux On Windows No, really…this isn't clickbait. For the past few weeks, we’ve been working with the Microsoft WSL team to get ...

How to find files containing specific text in Linux

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>Find files containing specific text in Linux</u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u>Find files containing specific text using grep command</u></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search a regular expression and print), which has the same effect: doing a global search with the regular expression and printing all matching lines. Grep was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSfa5gfpg7IHq5mo4T7SHu_Cl3baveLg-xsoRu3kxODgKyT2LN2J7nwZThgySbn7tR5rogvXIbYnjg4nDea8sLQazM9oEpGHniruu0_fTDG58SasIVf0NZWEmjyQ9w9UtlcmquEhNQRA/s1600/find-command-in-linux-hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSfa5gfpg7IHq5mo4T7SHu_Cl3baveLg-xsoRu3kxODgKyT2LN2J7nwZThgySbn7tR5rogvXIbYnjg4nDea8sLQazM9oEpGHniruu0_fTDG58SasIVf0NZWEmjyQ9w9UtlcmquEhNQRA/s1600/find-command-in-linux-hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><b>grep command syntax</b></u></span></span><br />
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">grep "text string to search” directory-path</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">grep [option] "text string to search” directory-path</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">grep -r "text string to search” directory-path</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">grep -r -H "text string to search” directory-path</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">egrep -R "word-1|word-2” directory-path</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">egrep -w -R "word-1|word-2” directory-path</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u>Find files containing specific text using grep command examples</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #993300; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">In this example, we will search for 'PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START' in all configuration files located in /etc directory.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now there's a small problem, depending on your Linux distro, Find command Syntax can be slightly different.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">*If you know the exact location and directory you're after, then use</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/pulseaudio 
PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: normal;">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*If you know the exact directory with the files containing that specific text, then use</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/*
grep: /etc/default/kdm.d: Is a directory
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; white-space: normal;">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">If you don't know the exact location of the file that contains the specific text you’re looking for, then you need to search all sub-directories recursively.</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -r "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/*
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -R "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/default/*
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333;">Now what if you are searching through a massive file and there might be many outputs similar to what you’re looking for.. you might want to use </span><span style="color: red;">--col</span><span style="color: #333333;"> flag to color code your output which searching files containing specific strings.</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep --col 'usb 1-1.4' /var/log/messages
Apr 4 09:14:25 kali kernel: [1191164.780496] usb 1-1.4: new low-speed USB device number 21 using ehci-pci
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now I want to display all files with colorer output with containing specific text and instead of showing the whole content of the files</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep --col -r 'Linux version 3.14-kali1' /var/log/* | cut -d: -f1
/var/log/dmesg
/var/log/dmesg.0
/var/log/installer/syslog
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">When you're using grep, depending on the commands used and permission you have on the system, you might see any of the following errors.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">* Input/output error</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">* recursive directory loop</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">* No such file or directory</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">* No such device or address</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">* Permission denied</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333;">If you want to hide all errors or warning message spamming your output window(specifically useful when you're trying to use grep on a script) generated by the grep command, </span><span style="color: red;">append 2>/dev/null</span><span style="color: #333333;"> to grep command. This will send and hide unwanted output to </span><span style="color: red;">/dev/null</span><span style="color: #333333;"> device:</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -R "PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" /etc/* 2>/dev/null 
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
/etc/init.d/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/init.d/pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc0.d/K01pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc0.d/K01pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc1.d/K01pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc1.d/K01pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc2.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc2.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc3.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc3.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc4.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc4.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc5.d/S20pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc5.d/S20pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
/etc/rc6.d/K01pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=0
/etc/rc6.d/K01pulseaudio:if [ "$PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START" != "1" ]; then
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><div>
What if you're not sure about the case of the text you're after? You can use -i to ignore case.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Below example shows the difference between -i flag. First command didn’t find the text, second command did as we used -i flag to ignore case.</div>
</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@hackthesec:~# grep -r "pulseaudio_system_start" /etc/default/*
root@hackthesec:~# 
root@hackthesec:~# grep -i  -r "pulseaudio_system_start" /etc/default/*
/etc/default/pulseaudio:PULSEAUDIO_SYSTEM_START=1
root@hackthesec:~#</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333;">I always prefer using grep command </span><span style="color: red;">with -r and --col flag in Debian Linux as -r complains less about permissions</span><span style="color: #333333;">, files, directory etc. and of course some color helps on the eyes when you’re browsing through many lines.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmES88qRq5q2S7T9eloxwGBj7Q_4TNKpHoxJrzaHNO5JFpsQd52ekNYQtKsk03EFGlHDRp9evGLye66Gs1H1pIHZBXSl4SbjLqVkCmN9OA-3D7lHu4C3YOmEHVFiqwADcA4237wkbdVk/s1600/How-to-find-files-containing-specific-text-in-Linux-hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="656" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdmES88qRq5q2S7T9eloxwGBj7Q_4TNKpHoxJrzaHNO5JFpsQd52ekNYQtKsk03EFGlHDRp9evGLye66Gs1H1pIHZBXSl4SbjLqVkCmN9OA-3D7lHu4C3YOmEHVFiqwADcA4237wkbdVk/s1600/How-to-find-files-containing-specific-text-in-Linux-hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">HackTheSec</a></div>
</div>
</span></div>
</div>

How to find files containing specific text in Linux

Find files containing specific text in Linux Find files containing specific text using grep command grep is a command-line utility for ...

Cryptmount – A Utility to Create Encrypted Filesystems in Linux

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">cryptmount is a utility for GNU/Linux operating systems which allows an ordinary user to mount an encrypted filing system without requiring superuser privileges. It is aimed at Linux systems using the 2.6 kernel series or later.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/crypt-img.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="700" src="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/crypt-img.png" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Technical background</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">There are currently two main approaches to using encrypted filesystems within the linux kernel:</span></span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">the cryptoloop device driver;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">the device-mapper system, using the dm-crypt target.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The (older) cryptoloop system has grown in parallel with the loopback device-driver of 2.4 kernel series, but has now been superseded by the device-mapper capabilities of the 2.6 kernel series. The newer devmapper system offers a <a href="http://docs.linux.com/article.pl?sid=04/06/07/2036205&tid=72&tid=14&tid=35">cleaner organization</a> of encryption and device-access, and superior performance has <a href="http://deb.riseup.net/storage/encryption/dmcrypt">been noted</a>. Alternative user-space tools which allow individual files to be encrypted are also widely available, but allow some information about file sizes & organization to be exposed.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">With the older cryptoloop system, it was possible to describe all the details of an encrypted filesystem within /etc/fstab so that it could be configured completely by 'mount'. This meant that it was particularly easy to give any user permission to mount those encrypted filesystems simply by providing the 'user' option within /etc/fstab.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">With the newer device-mapper infrastructure, there are more stages involved in mounting an encrypted filing system, and neither does 'mount' currently allow this nor does the syntax of /etc/fstab lend itself to describing all the necessary filesystem parameters. This is especially so if the filesystem is stored in an ordinary file, which would require separate configuration of a loopback device and a devmapper target before the filesystem could be accessed.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">cryptmount was written to make it as easy for ordinary users to access encrypted filesystems on-demand using the newer devmapper mechansism as it was to use the older, now deprecated, cryptoloop methods. This offers the following advantages:</span></span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">access to improved functionality in the kernel</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">transparent support for filesystems stored on either raw disk partitions or loopback files</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;">separate encryption of filesystem access keys, allowing access passwords to be changed without re-encrypting the entire filesystem</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">storing multiple encrypted filesystems within a single disk partition, using a designated subset of blocks for each</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">rarely used filesystems do not need to be mounted at system startup</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">un-mounting of each filesystem is locked so that this can only be performed by the user that mounted it, or the superuser</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">encrypted filesystems compatible with cryptsetup</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">encrypted access-keys can be chosen to be compatible with openssl, or managed via libgcrypt, or (for 2.0 release-series) built-in SHA1/Blowfish ciphers</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">support for encrypted swap partitions (superuser only)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">support for setting up encrypted filesystems or crypto-swap at system boot-up</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>Install and Configure Cryptmount in Linux</b></span></u></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">On Debian/Ubuntu distributions, you can install Cryptmount using the following command line</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">sudo apt install cryptmount</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora distributions,install it from source. First start installing the required package(s) to successfully build and use cryptmount.</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">yum install device-mapper-devel</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">yum groupinstall "Development tools"</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Then download the latest Cryptmount source files.</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/cryptmount/cryptmount/cryptmount-5.2/cryptmount-5.2.4.tar.gz
tar -xzf  cryptmount-5.2.4.tar.gz
cd cryptmount-5.2.4
./configure
make
make instal</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">After installation go for setup using bellow command line</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cryptmount-setup</span></span></pre>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_bf_zluIl3w2Tpa7Kj-r9HtLoen_02EXBU0bh0fZCpA9sXzYivNF0EIGcs7tNx4I95ID2E9k3NkajvFnLo8BGvbCj5ovWxGdVFnPo6EqmrnqtPihRHc-53-IqMBlBufcKWY8yQPfXWmF/s1600/crypt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="872" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_bf_zluIl3w2Tpa7Kj-r9HtLoen_02EXBU0bh0fZCpA9sXzYivNF0EIGcs7tNx4I95ID2E9k3NkajvFnLo8BGvbCj5ovWxGdVFnPo6EqmrnqtPihRHc-53-IqMBlBufcKWY8yQPfXWmF/s640/crypt.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Once the new encrypted filesystem is created, you can access it as follows (enter the name you specified for your target – hackthesec), you will be prompted to enter the password for the target.</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cryptmount hackthesec
cd /home/crypt</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">To unmount the target run cd command to get out of the encrypted filesystem, then use the -u switch to unmount as shown.</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cryptmount -u hackthesec</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">For more information you can use bellow command or you can visit cryptmount website </span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">man cryptmount
man cmtab </span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Website - <a href="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/">http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/</a></span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Troubleshooting in my case</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">After installation i just received a error message from my ubuntu box</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">"Taking backup of cryptmount master config-file (@ETCDIR@/cmtab.bckp-setup)...mv: cannot stat '@ETCDIR@/cmtab': No such file or directory"</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">for this error just follow bellow commands </span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@new:~# which cryptmount-setup
/usr/sbin/cryptmount-setup
</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@new:~# vi /usr/sbin/cryptmount-setup</span></span></pre>
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">and</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Changed from: </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CM_CFGDIR="@ETCDIR@" </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Changed to: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CM_CFGDIR="/etc/cryptmount" </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>

Cryptmount – A Utility to Create Encrypted Filesystems in Linux

cryptmount is a utility for GNU/Linux operating systems which allows an ordinary user to mount an encrypted filing system without requiring...

Open Source Disk Cloning/Backup Softwares for Linux

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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Free Backup Tools to Clone Linux System Disk</u></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Clonezilla </b>is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program similar to True Image® or Norton Ghost®. It helps you to do system deployment, bare metal backup and recovery. Two types of Clonezilla are available, Clonezilla live and Clonezilla SE (server edition). Clonezilla live is suitable for single machine backup and restore. While Clonezilla SE is for massive deployment, it can clone many (40 plus!) computers simultaneously. Clonezilla saves and restores only used blocks in the hard disk. This increases the clone efficiency. With some high-end hardware in a 42-node cluster, a multicast restoring at rate 8 GB/min was reported.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGqfktDOlq1hInl-1uL8NMknuOcy0nS2Ut5hvoh5M8JA7mSpcCrPHIkCK3WycxNu-HF5WE2zr6q1GxSrNu4Wl_0KHiMI6VOKxZFUzq_lzLiukCGZ1En-ysSr3qRuErpirbNSRoFXmGNdj/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGqfktDOlq1hInl-1uL8NMknuOcy0nS2Ut5hvoh5M8JA7mSpcCrPHIkCK3WycxNu-HF5WE2zr6q1GxSrNu4Wl_0KHiMI6VOKxZFUzq_lzLiukCGZ1En-ysSr3qRuErpirbNSRoFXmGNdj/s640/maxresdefault.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Features:</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Many File systems are supported: (1) ext2, ext3, ext4, reiserfs, reiser4, xfs, jfs, btrfs, f2fs and nilfs2 of GNU/Linux, (2) FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS of MS Windows, (3) HFS+ of Mac OS, (4) UFS of FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, (5) minix of Minix, and (6) VMFS3 and VMFS5 of VMWare ESX. Therefore you can clone GNU/Linux, MS windows, Intel-based Mac OS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Minix, VMWare ESX and Chrome OS/Chromium OS, no matter it's 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x86-64) OS. For these file systems, only used blocks in partition are saved and restored by Partclone. For unsupported file system, sector-to-sector copy is done by dd in Clonezilla.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*LVM2 (LVM version 1 is not) under GNU/Linux is supported.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Boot loader, including grub (version 1 and version 2) and syslinux, could be reinstalled.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Both MBR and GPT partition formats of hard drive are supported. Clonezilla live also can be booted on a BIOS or uEFI machine.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Unattended mode is supported. Almost all steps can be done via commands and options. You can also use a lot of boot parameters to customize your own imaging and cloning.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYt5Pqwii1PmH4y3v-UoSjPspg8VvFt-UBzEaw6r81DVgtzBVOhdoSFDjIf2G2O44nDESgLwka0U89fj1PjCcinPfc5oXFmKihWOn6p2589AzJKeOk5JqCb5UUwNiL1maKE8W4xwpIRQX/s1600/clonezilla.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYt5Pqwii1PmH4y3v-UoSjPspg8VvFt-UBzEaw6r81DVgtzBVOhdoSFDjIf2G2O44nDESgLwka0U89fj1PjCcinPfc5oXFmKihWOn6p2589AzJKeOk5JqCb5UUwNiL1maKE8W4xwpIRQX/s1600/clonezilla.png" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*One image restoring to multiple local devices is supported.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Image could be encrypted. This is done with ecryptfs, a POSIX-compliant enterprise cryptographic stacked filesystem.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Multicast is supported in Clonezilla SE, which is suitable for massive clone. You can also remotely use it to save or restore a bunch of computers if PXE and Wake-on-LAN are supported in your clients.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*The image file can be on local disk, ssh server, samba server, NFS server or WebDAV server.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*AES-256 encryption could be used to secures data access, storage and transfer.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Based on Partclone (default), Partimage (optional), ntfsclone (optional), or dd to image or clone a partition. However, Clonezilla, containing some other programs, can save and restore not only partitions, but also a whole disk.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*By using another free software drbl-winroll, which is also developed by us, the hostname, group, and SID of cloned MS windows machine can be automatically changed.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">You may download the latest version of Clonezilla <a href="http://clonezilla.org/downloads.php">here</a>.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">                                               <b><a href="http://clonezilla.org/downloads.php">DOWNLOAD</a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333f49; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u>dd (data duplicator) </u></h3>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Dd- Mighty Disk Destroyer. Many Admins fear and even cower when the letters DD are mentioned together DD can be your best friend. Being that you are a Linux Professional and or want to be a professional, you are sometimes faced with the need to clone, backup and or restore Hard Drive images On the Fly. Secondly, you many want to create backups of Hard Drives for future deployment. Lastly, sometimes you have a failing Hard Drive that needs to be migrated over to a good Hard Drive.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">dd command must be used with caution. This command is so powerful and could wipe your data if you use it the wrong way.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">For example: To clone disk 1 (/dev/sdb) to disk 2 (/dev/sda), use the following command:</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sda status=progress</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">For More information about DD you can use bellow command from your terminal </span></span><br />
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">man dd</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Or you can visit this website : - <a href="https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-dd-command/">Link </a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333f49; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u>Partclone</u></h3>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Partclone is a program similar to the well-known backup utility "Partition Image" a.k.a partimage. Partclone provides utilities to save and restore used blocks on a partition and is designed for higher compatibility of the file system by using existing libraries, e.g. e2fslibs is used to read and write the ext2 partition.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Partclone now supports ext2, ext3, ext4, hfs+, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, vmfs3, vmfs5, xfs, jfs, ufs, ntfs, fat(12/16/32), exfat, f2fs, nilfs. The available programs are:</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.btrfs</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.ext2, partclone.ext3, partclone.ext4</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.fat32, partclone.fat12, partclone.fat16</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.ntfs</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.exfat</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.hfsp</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.jfs</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.reiserfs</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.reiser4</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.ufs (with SU+J)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.vmfs (v3 and v5)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.xfs</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.f2fs</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.nilfs2</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Partclone support local and remote ssh server to store the backup image. </span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">partclone.ext4 -c -s /dev/sda1 -o ~/data1.img</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The command will backup an ext4 partition (/dev/sda1) to data1.img image file. To restore from an image file, use the following command:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">partclone.ext4 -r -o /dev/sda1</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><a href="https://partclone.org/download/">Download Partclone</a> </b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333f49; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<u>Deepin Clone</u></h3>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Deepin Clone is a tool to backup and restore developed by Deepin Technology. It supports to clone, backup and restore disk or partition. And works with Deepin Recovery to fix the boot, partition and so on.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><div>
<b><u>Project Location:</u></b></div>
<div>
Source Code Location: <a href="https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone">https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Beta Version Location: <a href="https://cr.deepin.io/#/admin/projects/deepin-clone">https://cr.deepin.io/#/admin/projects/deepin-clone</a></div>
</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333f49; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><u>Redo Backup</u></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Redo Bakcup is a Live CD tool to clone your drivers easily, Redo Backup is a free & Open Source Live System licensed under GPL 3 to do the job, Features are as the website says.</span></span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Easy graphical user interface boots from CD in less than a minute</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">No installation needed; runs from a CD-ROM or a USB stick</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Saves and restores Windows and Linux machines</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Automatically finds local network shares</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Access your files even if you can't log in</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Recover deleted pictures, documents, and other files</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Internet access with a full-featured browser to download drivers</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Live CD download size is only about 250MB</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><a href="http://redobackup.org/download.php"><b>Download Redo Backup</b></a></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333f49; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><u>Mondo Rescue</u></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Mondo is reliable.</b> It backs up your GNU/Linux server or workstation to tape, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R[W], DVD+R[W], NFS or hard disk partition. In the event of catastrophic data loss, you will be able to restore all of your data [or as much as you want], from bare metal if necessary. Mondo is in use by Lockheed-Martin, Nortel Networks, Siemens, HP, IBM, NASA's JPL, the US Dept of Agriculture, dozens of smaller companies, and tens of thousands of users.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Mondo is comprehensive.</b> Mondo supports LVM 1/2, RAID, ext2, ext3, ext4, JFS, XFS, ReiserFS, VFAT, and can support additional filesystems easily: just e-mail the mailing list with your request. It supports software raid as well as most hardware raid controllers. It supports adjustments in disk geometry, including migration from non-RAID to RAID. It supports BIOS and UEFI boot modes. Mondo runs on all major Linux distributions (Fedora, RHEL, OpenSUSE, SLES, Mageia, Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo) and is getting better all the time. You may even use it to backup non-Linux partitions, such as NTFS.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Mondo is free!</b> It has been published under the GPL v2 (GNU Public License), partly to expose it to thousands of potential beta-testers but mostly as a contribution to the Linux community.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><a href="http://www.mondorescue.org/downloads.shtml">Download Mondo </a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333f49; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><u>doClone</u></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">DoClone is a free project developed in C++ for creating or restoring GNU/Linux systems images. It can also work on a LAN to transfer data within computers. This tool provides an easy way to manage the GNU/Linux installation in offices or schools, including machines with different hardware, e.g., different hard-disk sizes, using only the space required by the data.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Features are as the website says.</span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Supports 12 filesystems.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Supports 9 disk labels.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Clones disks or partitions with different sizes.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Clones selinux systems.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">GRUB boot loader restoration.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Multiple cloning on a LAN.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">UUID's and filesystem labels cloning.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Live cloning: a system can make images of itself.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">This program is free software and is distributed under the GNU GPL v3 License.</span></span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #2d3134; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 80px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Latest version is 0.8.0:  <a href="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/doclone/doclone-0.8.0.tar.gz" style="border: 0px none; color: #45639f; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Download</a></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #2d3134; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 80px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/doclone/" style="border: 0px none; color: #45639f; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Explore the download directory</a></div>
</div>
<br /></div>

Open Source Disk Cloning/Backup Softwares for Linux

Free Backup Tools to Clone Linux System Disk Clonezilla is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program similar to True Image® or Norto...

How to Install and Configure Amanda Backup Server

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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is a backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single master backup server to back up multiple hosts over network to tape drives/changers or disks or optical media. Amanda uses native utilities and formats (e.g. dump and/or GNU tar) and can back up a large number of servers and workstations running multiple versions of Linux or Unix.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8r3zI99geeFCqnAhyL_W4ik18Y2ec0_hKGF2wSvyU4U0dgSK0miJgw1xFeuvbRMWYRoeVwiF0YUm6D89lr2QNPKYSqXYs2LI96wZoVv-nz9VoQdEVHvRd1ymdfG1px2u_Nvpt6BySxig/s1600/amanda1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8r3zI99geeFCqnAhyL_W4ik18Y2ec0_hKGF2wSvyU4U0dgSK0miJgw1xFeuvbRMWYRoeVwiF0YUm6D89lr2QNPKYSqXYs2LI96wZoVv-nz9VoQdEVHvRd1ymdfG1px2u_Nvpt6BySxig/s1600/amanda1.png" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Install Amanda Server</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>==============</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Install amanda packages using yum:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">yum install -y amanda*</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create the configuration file. I am going to name this backup project is ServerNetBackup. We need to create a directory named by this project and all configuration files for this project will be underneath it:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create the core configuration file, amanda.conf:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">vim /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/amanda.conf</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And paste following line:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">org "ServerNetBackup"                 # Organization name for reports
mailto "address@hackthesec.co.in"        # Email address to receive reports
netusage 10000 Kbps                   # Bandwidth limit, 10M
 
dumpcycle 1 week                      # Backup cycle is 7 days
runspercycle 7                        # Run 7 times every 7 days
tapecycle 15 tapes                    # Dump to 15 different tapes during the cycle
tpchanger "chg-disk"                  # The tape-changer glue script
 
changerfile "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/changer"     # The tape-changer file
 
tapedev "file://central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots" # The no-rewind tape device to be used
tapetype HARDDISK                                     # Define the type of tape
 
infofile "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/curinfo"        # Database directory
logdir "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/logs"             # Log directory
indexdir "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/index"          # Index directory
 
define tapetype HARDDISK {                            # Define our tape behaviour
length 100000 mbytes                                  # Every tape is 100GB in size
}
 
amrecover_changer "changer"                           # Changer for amrecover
 
define dumptype global {                              # The global dump definition
maxdumps 2                                            # The maximum number of backups run in parallel
estimate calcsize                                     # Estimate the backup size before dump
holdingdisk yes                                       # Dump to temp disk (holdingdisk) before backup to tape
index yes                                             # Generate index. For restoration usage
}
 
define dumptype root-tar {                            # How to dump root's directory
global                                                # Include global (as above)
program "GNUTAR"                                      # Program name for compress
comment "root partitions dumped with tar"
compress none                                         # No compress
index                                                 # Index this dump
priority low                                          # Priority level
}
 
define dumptype user-tar {                            # How to dump user's directory
root-tar                                              # Include root-tar (as above)
comment "user partitions dumped with tar"
priority medium                                       # Priority level
}
 
define dumptype comp-user-tar {                       # How to dump & compress user's directory
user-tar                                              # Include user-tar (as above)
compress client fast                                  # Compress in client side with less CPU (fast)
}</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Configure Backup Location</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">=================</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Prepare the directory to store all backups:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mkdir -p /central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Assign correct permission to user amandabackup for the configuration directory and backup directory:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chown amandabackup.disk /central_backup -Rf
$ chown amandabackup.disk /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup -Rf</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Login as user amandabackup:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">su - amandabackup</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create the virtual tape. This is where the backup files will be stored. We will need to create 15 slots as per tapecycle keyword:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ for n in `seq 1 15`; do mkdir /central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots/slot${n}; done</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">We then need to label all slots:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ for n in `seq 1 15` ; do amlabel ServerNetBackup ServerNetBackup-${n} slot ${n}; done</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create all required directories as defined in the configuration file:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/curinfo
$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/logs
$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/index</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Configure Service and What to Backup</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">We need to define what to backup in a file called disklist. As user amandabackup, create this file:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ su - amandabackup
$ vim /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/disklist</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And add following line:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">sv101.hackthesec.co.in /home/webby/public_html   comp-user-tar
gogogo.hackthesec.co.in  /etc                      root-tar</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Notes: Make sure the hostname is FQDN and can be resolved to an IP. Add the host entry into /etc/hosts is recomended.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Exit from amandabackup user and get back to root user:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable amanda service in xinetd.d directory:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">vim /etc/xinetd.d/amanda</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And change following line from "yes" to "no"</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable on boot and restart xinetd service:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chkconfig xinetd on
$ service xinetd restart</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Check the amanda server whether it is running properly by using following command:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ netstat -a | grep amanda
udp        0          0       *:amanda                *:*</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">If you see result as above, amanda server is ready to serve!</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Install Amanda Backup Client</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">======================</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Login to the client’s server and install required package for Amanda using yum:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ yum install -y amanda amanda-client</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">As user amandabackup, add following line into /var/lib/amanda/.amandahosts to specify where is Amanda backup server:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ su - amandabackup
$ vim /var/lib/amanda/.amandahosts</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And make sure the value as below:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">office.hackthesec.co.in amandabackup amdump
localhost amandabackup amdump
localhost.localdomain amandabackup amdump</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Exit from user amandabackup and turn to root user:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable amanda service in xinetd.d directory:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ vim /etc/xinetd.d/amanda</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And change following line from"yes" to "no"</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable on boot and start the xinetd service</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chkconfig xinetd on
$ service xinetd start</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Add an entry in /etc/hosts to define backup server IP by adding following line:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">125.10.90.90      office.hackthesec.co.in</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">In some case, you may need to change the permission of the directory that you want to backup. For example, I need to allow user amandabackup to access directory /home/webby/public_html to create backup:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">As root user, change the permission of the directory:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chmod 755 /home/webby</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Run the Backup Process</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">=================</span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now go back to the Amanda server and check our configuration file as amandabackup user:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ su - amandabackup
$ amcheck ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">You should see the output similar to this:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Client check: 2 host checked in 2.070 seconds.  0 problems found.</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">If no error found, you can start the backup process immediately by running following command:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ amdump ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Or, we can automate this process using cronjob. Run following command as amandabackup user:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ crontab -e</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And add following line:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">45 0 * * 2-6 /usr/sbin/amdump ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">As root user, reload the crond service to activate this job:</span></span></div>
<pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ service crond reload</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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How to Install and Configure Amanda Backup Server

AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is a backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single mas...