Cryptmount – A Utility to Create Encrypted Filesystems in Linux

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">cryptmount is a utility for GNU/Linux operating systems which allows an ordinary user to mount an encrypted filing system without requiring superuser privileges. It is aimed at Linux systems using the 2.6 kernel series or later.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/crypt-img.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="700" src="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/crypt-img.png" /></a></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Technical background</u></b></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">There are currently two main approaches to using encrypted filesystems within the linux kernel:</span></span><br /> <br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">the cryptoloop device driver;</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">the device-mapper system, using the dm-crypt target.</span></span></li> </ul> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The (older) cryptoloop system has grown in parallel with the loopback device-driver of 2.4 kernel series, but has now been superseded by the device-mapper capabilities of the 2.6 kernel series. The newer devmapper system offers a <a href="http://docs.linux.com/article.pl?sid=04/06/07/2036205&tid=72&tid=14&tid=35">cleaner organization</a> of encryption and device-access, and superior performance has <a href="http://deb.riseup.net/storage/encryption/dmcrypt">been noted</a>. Alternative user-space tools which allow individual files to be encrypted are also widely available, but allow some information about file sizes & organization to be exposed.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">With the older cryptoloop system, it was possible to describe all the details of an encrypted filesystem within /etc/fstab so that it could be configured completely by 'mount'. This meant that it was particularly easy to give any user permission to mount those encrypted filesystems simply by providing the 'user' option within /etc/fstab.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">With the newer device-mapper infrastructure, there are more stages involved in mounting an encrypted filing system, and neither does 'mount' currently allow this nor does the syntax of /etc/fstab lend itself to describing all the necessary filesystem parameters. This is especially so if the filesystem is stored in an ordinary file, which would require separate configuration of a loopback device and a devmapper target before the filesystem could be accessed.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">cryptmount was written to make it as easy for ordinary users to access encrypted filesystems on-demand using the newer devmapper mechansism as it was to use the older, now deprecated, cryptoloop methods. This offers the following advantages:</span></span><br /> <br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">access to improved functionality in the kernel</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">transparent support for filesystems stored on either raw disk partitions or loopback files</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"></span></li> <li style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;">separate encryption of filesystem access keys, allowing access passwords to be changed without re-encrypting the entire filesystem</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">storing multiple encrypted filesystems within a single disk partition, using a designated subset of blocks for each</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">rarely used filesystems do not need to be mounted at system startup</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">un-mounting of each filesystem is locked so that this can only be performed by the user that mounted it, or the superuser</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">encrypted filesystems compatible with cryptsetup</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">encrypted access-keys can be chosen to be compatible with openssl, or managed via libgcrypt, or (for 2.0 release-series) built-in SHA1/Blowfish ciphers</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">support for encrypted swap partitions (superuser only)</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">support for setting up encrypted filesystems or crypto-swap at system boot-up</span></span></li> </ul> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>Install and Configure Cryptmount in Linux</b></span></u></span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">On Debian/Ubuntu distributions, you can install Cryptmount using the following command line</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">sudo apt install cryptmount</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora distributions,install it from source. First start installing the required package(s) to successfully build and use cryptmount.</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">yum install device-mapper-devel</span></span></pre> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">yum groupinstall "Development tools"</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Then download the latest Cryptmount source files.</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/cryptmount/cryptmount/cryptmount-5.2/cryptmount-5.2.4.tar.gz tar -xzf cryptmount-5.2.4.tar.gz cd cryptmount-5.2.4 ./configure make make instal</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">After installation go for setup using bellow command line</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cryptmount-setup</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_bf_zluIl3w2Tpa7Kj-r9HtLoen_02EXBU0bh0fZCpA9sXzYivNF0EIGcs7tNx4I95ID2E9k3NkajvFnLo8BGvbCj5ovWxGdVFnPo6EqmrnqtPihRHc-53-IqMBlBufcKWY8yQPfXWmF/s1600/crypt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="872" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_bf_zluIl3w2Tpa7Kj-r9HtLoen_02EXBU0bh0fZCpA9sXzYivNF0EIGcs7tNx4I95ID2E9k3NkajvFnLo8BGvbCj5ovWxGdVFnPo6EqmrnqtPihRHc-53-IqMBlBufcKWY8yQPfXWmF/s640/crypt.png" width="640" /></a></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Once the new encrypted filesystem is created, you can access it as follows (enter the name you specified for your target – hackthesec), you will be prompted to enter the password for the target.</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cryptmount hackthesec cd /home/crypt</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">To unmount the target run cd command to get out of the encrypted filesystem, then use the -u switch to unmount as shown.</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cryptmount -u hackthesec</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">For more information you can use bellow command or you can visit cryptmount website </span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">man cryptmount man cmtab </span></span></pre> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Website - <a href="http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/">http://cryptmount.sourceforge.net/</a></span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #990000; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Troubleshooting in my case</u></b></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">After installation i just received a error message from my ubuntu box</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">"Taking backup of cryptmount master config-file (@ETCDIR@/cmtab.bckp-setup)...mv: cannot stat '@ETCDIR@/cmtab': No such file or directory"</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">for this error just follow bellow commands </span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@new:~# which cryptmount-setup /usr/sbin/cryptmount-setup </span></span></pre> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">root@new:~# vi /usr/sbin/cryptmount-setup</span></span></pre> <div> <br /></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">and</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Changed from: </span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CM_CFGDIR="@ETCDIR@" </span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Changed to: </span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CM_CFGDIR="/etc/cryptmount" </span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2TwF9Wwl7nDpTkNEiFGAiPXW-CHo-qnTXW_GHzY9KFg-J7h3DYLDB9UWEwpKukmywnK7Aq5BguCnHgZ5DbkStwhDSdk162w3-GjzuSkqQvoQEIBAjnUaeCpcuIMra1s6zJsh-TM-Nefg/s1600/cryptchange.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="723" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2TwF9Wwl7nDpTkNEiFGAiPXW-CHo-qnTXW_GHzY9KFg-J7h3DYLDB9UWEwpKukmywnK7Aq5BguCnHgZ5DbkStwhDSdk162w3-GjzuSkqQvoQEIBAjnUaeCpcuIMra1s6zJsh-TM-Nefg/s640/cryptchange.png" width="640" /></a></div> <br /></div>

Cryptmount – A Utility to Create Encrypted Filesystems in Linux

cryptmount is a utility for GNU/Linux operating systems which allows an ordinary user to mount an encrypted filing system without requiring...

Read more »

Open Source Disk Cloning/Backup Softwares for Linux

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Free Backup Tools to Clone Linux System Disk</u></b></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Clonezilla </b>is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program similar to True Image® or Norton Ghost®. It helps you to do system deployment, bare metal backup and recovery. Two types of Clonezilla are available, Clonezilla live and Clonezilla SE (server edition). Clonezilla live is suitable for single machine backup and restore. While Clonezilla SE is for massive deployment, it can clone many (40 plus!) computers simultaneously. Clonezilla saves and restores only used blocks in the hard disk. This increases the clone efficiency. With some high-end hardware in a 42-node cluster, a multicast restoring at rate 8 GB/min was reported.</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGqfktDOlq1hInl-1uL8NMknuOcy0nS2Ut5hvoh5M8JA7mSpcCrPHIkCK3WycxNu-HF5WE2zr6q1GxSrNu4Wl_0KHiMI6VOKxZFUzq_lzLiukCGZ1En-ysSr3qRuErpirbNSRoFXmGNdj/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGqfktDOlq1hInl-1uL8NMknuOcy0nS2Ut5hvoh5M8JA7mSpcCrPHIkCK3WycxNu-HF5WE2zr6q1GxSrNu4Wl_0KHiMI6VOKxZFUzq_lzLiukCGZ1En-ysSr3qRuErpirbNSRoFXmGNdj/s640/maxresdefault.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>Features:</u></b></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Many File systems are supported: (1) ext2, ext3, ext4, reiserfs, reiser4, xfs, jfs, btrfs, f2fs and nilfs2 of GNU/Linux, (2) FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS of MS Windows, (3) HFS+ of Mac OS, (4) UFS of FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, (5) minix of Minix, and (6) VMFS3 and VMFS5 of VMWare ESX. Therefore you can clone GNU/Linux, MS windows, Intel-based Mac OS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Minix, VMWare ESX and Chrome OS/Chromium OS, no matter it's 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x86-64) OS. For these file systems, only used blocks in partition are saved and restored by Partclone. For unsupported file system, sector-to-sector copy is done by dd in Clonezilla.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*LVM2 (LVM version 1 is not) under GNU/Linux is supported.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Boot loader, including grub (version 1 and version 2) and syslinux, could be reinstalled.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Both MBR and GPT partition formats of hard drive are supported. Clonezilla live also can be booted on a BIOS or uEFI machine.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Unattended mode is supported. Almost all steps can be done via commands and options. You can also use a lot of boot parameters to customize your own imaging and cloning.</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYt5Pqwii1PmH4y3v-UoSjPspg8VvFt-UBzEaw6r81DVgtzBVOhdoSFDjIf2G2O44nDESgLwka0U89fj1PjCcinPfc5oXFmKihWOn6p2589AzJKeOk5JqCb5UUwNiL1maKE8W4xwpIRQX/s1600/clonezilla.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZYt5Pqwii1PmH4y3v-UoSjPspg8VvFt-UBzEaw6r81DVgtzBVOhdoSFDjIf2G2O44nDESgLwka0U89fj1PjCcinPfc5oXFmKihWOn6p2589AzJKeOk5JqCb5UUwNiL1maKE8W4xwpIRQX/s1600/clonezilla.png" /></a></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*One image restoring to multiple local devices is supported.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Image could be encrypted. This is done with ecryptfs, a POSIX-compliant enterprise cryptographic stacked filesystem.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Multicast is supported in Clonezilla SE, which is suitable for massive clone. You can also remotely use it to save or restore a bunch of computers if PXE and Wake-on-LAN are supported in your clients.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*The image file can be on local disk, ssh server, samba server, NFS server or WebDAV server.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*AES-256 encryption could be used to secures data access, storage and transfer.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*Based on Partclone (default), Partimage (optional), ntfsclone (optional), or dd to image or clone a partition. However, Clonezilla, containing some other programs, can save and restore not only partitions, but also a whole disk.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">*By using another free software drbl-winroll, which is also developed by us, the hostname, group, and SID of cloned MS windows machine can be automatically changed.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">You may download the latest version of Clonezilla <a href="http://clonezilla.org/downloads.php">here</a>.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">                                               <b><a href="http://clonezilla.org/downloads.php">DOWNLOAD</a></b></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333f49; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <u>dd (data duplicator) </u></h3> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Dd- Mighty Disk Destroyer. Many Admins fear and even cower when the letters DD are mentioned together DD can be your best friend. Being that you are a Linux Professional and or want to be a professional, you are sometimes faced with the need to clone, backup and or restore Hard Drive images On the Fly. Secondly, you many want to create backups of Hard Drives for future deployment. Lastly, sometimes you have a failing Hard Drive that needs to be migrated over to a good Hard Drive.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">dd command must be used with caution. This command is so powerful and could wipe your data if you use it the wrong way.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">For example: To clone disk 1 (/dev/sdb) to disk 2 (/dev/sda), use the following command:</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sda status=progress</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">For More information about DD you can use bellow command from your terminal </span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">man dd</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Or you can visit this website : - <a href="https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-dd-command/">Link </a></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333f49; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <u>Partclone</u></h3> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Partclone is a program similar to the well-known backup utility "Partition Image" a.k.a partimage. Partclone provides utilities to save and restore used blocks on a partition and is designed for higher compatibility of the file system by using existing libraries, e.g. e2fslibs is used to read and write the ext2 partition.</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Partclone now supports ext2, ext3, ext4, hfs+, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, vmfs3, vmfs5, xfs, jfs, ufs, ntfs, fat(12/16/32), exfat, f2fs, nilfs. The available programs are:</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.btrfs</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.ext2, partclone.ext3, partclone.ext4</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.fat32, partclone.fat12, partclone.fat16</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.ntfs</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.exfat</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.hfsp</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.jfs</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.reiserfs</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.reiser4</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.ufs (with SU+J)</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.vmfs (v3 and v5)</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.xfs</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.f2fs</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">partclone.nilfs2</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Partclone support local and remote ssh server to store the backup image. </span></span></div> <div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">partclone.ext4 -c -s /dev/sda1 -o ~/data1.img</span></span></pre> </div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The command will backup an ext4 partition (/dev/sda1) to data1.img image file. To restore from an image file, use the following command:</span></span></div> <div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">partclone.ext4 -r -o /dev/sda1</span></span></pre> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><a href="https://partclone.org/download/">Download Partclone</a> </b></span></span></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333f49; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <u>Deepin Clone</u></h3> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Deepin Clone is a tool to backup and restore developed by Deepin Technology. It supports to clone, backup and restore disk or partition. And works with Deepin Recovery to fix the boot, partition and so on.</span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><div> <b><u>Project Location:</u></b></div> <div> Source Code Location: <a href="https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone">https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone</a></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> Beta Version Location: <a href="https://cr.deepin.io/#/admin/projects/deepin-clone">https://cr.deepin.io/#/admin/projects/deepin-clone</a></div> </span></span></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333f49; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><u>Redo Backup</u></span></span></h3> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Redo Bakcup is a Live CD tool to clone your drivers easily, Redo Backup is a free & Open Source Live System licensed under GPL 3 to do the job, Features are as the website says.</span></span><br /> <br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Easy graphical user interface boots from CD in less than a minute</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">No installation needed; runs from a CD-ROM or a USB stick</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Saves and restores Windows and Linux machines</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Automatically finds local network shares</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Access your files even if you can't log in</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Recover deleted pictures, documents, and other files</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Internet access with a full-featured browser to download drivers</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Live CD download size is only about 250MB</span></span></li> </ul> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><a href="http://redobackup.org/download.php"><b>Download Redo Backup</b></a></span></div> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333f49; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><u>Mondo Rescue</u></span></span></h3> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Mondo is reliable.</b> It backs up your GNU/Linux server or workstation to tape, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R[W], DVD+R[W], NFS or hard disk partition. In the event of catastrophic data loss, you will be able to restore all of your data [or as much as you want], from bare metal if necessary. Mondo is in use by Lockheed-Martin, Nortel Networks, Siemens, HP, IBM, NASA's JPL, the US Dept of Agriculture, dozens of smaller companies, and tens of thousands of users.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Mondo is comprehensive.</b> Mondo supports LVM 1/2, RAID, ext2, ext3, ext4, JFS, XFS, ReiserFS, VFAT, and can support additional filesystems easily: just e-mail the mailing list with your request. It supports software raid as well as most hardware raid controllers. It supports adjustments in disk geometry, including migration from non-RAID to RAID. It supports BIOS and UEFI boot modes. Mondo runs on all major Linux distributions (Fedora, RHEL, OpenSUSE, SLES, Mageia, Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo) and is getting better all the time. You may even use it to backup non-Linux partitions, such as NTFS.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Mondo is free!</b> It has been published under the GPL v2 (GNU Public License), partly to expose it to thousands of potential beta-testers but mostly as a contribution to the Linux community.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><a href="http://www.mondorescue.org/downloads.shtml">Download Mondo </a></b></span></span></div> <div> <br /></div> <br /> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333f49; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><u>doClone</u></span></span></h3> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">DoClone is a free project developed in C++ for creating or restoring GNU/Linux systems images. It can also work on a LAN to transfer data within computers. This tool provides an easy way to manage the GNU/Linux installation in offices or schools, including machines with different hardware, e.g., different hard-disk sizes, using only the space required by the data.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Features are as the website says.</span><br /> <br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Supports 12 filesystems.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Supports 9 disk labels.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Clones disks or partitions with different sizes.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Clones selinux systems.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">GRUB boot loader restoration.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Multiple cloning on a LAN.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">UUID's and filesystem labels cloning.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Live cloning: a system can make images of itself.</span></span></li> </ul> <div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">This program is free software and is distributed under the GNU GPL v3 License.</span></span></div> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #2d3134; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 80px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Latest version is 0.8.0:  <a href="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/doclone/doclone-0.8.0.tar.gz" style="border: 0px none; color: #45639f; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Download</a></div> <div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #2d3134; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 80px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/doclone/" style="border: 0px none; color: #45639f; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Explore the download directory</a></div> </div> <br /></div>

Open Source Disk Cloning/Backup Softwares for Linux

Free Backup Tools to Clone Linux System Disk Clonezilla is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program similar to True Image® or Norto...

Read more »

How to Install and Configure Amanda Backup Server

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is a backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single master backup server to back up multiple hosts over network to tape drives/changers or disks or optical media. Amanda uses native utilities and formats (e.g. dump and/or GNU tar) and can back up a large number of servers and workstations running multiple versions of Linux or Unix.</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8r3zI99geeFCqnAhyL_W4ik18Y2ec0_hKGF2wSvyU4U0dgSK0miJgw1xFeuvbRMWYRoeVwiF0YUm6D89lr2QNPKYSqXYs2LI96wZoVv-nz9VoQdEVHvRd1ymdfG1px2u_Nvpt6BySxig/s1600/amanda1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8r3zI99geeFCqnAhyL_W4ik18Y2ec0_hKGF2wSvyU4U0dgSK0miJgw1xFeuvbRMWYRoeVwiF0YUm6D89lr2QNPKYSqXYs2LI96wZoVv-nz9VoQdEVHvRd1ymdfG1px2u_Nvpt6BySxig/s1600/amanda1.png" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>Install Amanda Server</b></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b>==============</b></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Install amanda packages using yum:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">yum install -y amanda*</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create the configuration file. I am going to name this backup project is ServerNetBackup. We need to create a directory named by this project and all configuration files for this project will be underneath it:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create the core configuration file, amanda.conf:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">vim /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/amanda.conf</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And paste following line:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">org "ServerNetBackup" # Organization name for reports mailto "address@hackthesec.co.in" # Email address to receive reports netusage 10000 Kbps # Bandwidth limit, 10M dumpcycle 1 week # Backup cycle is 7 days runspercycle 7 # Run 7 times every 7 days tapecycle 15 tapes # Dump to 15 different tapes during the cycle tpchanger "chg-disk" # The tape-changer glue script changerfile "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/changer" # The tape-changer file tapedev "file://central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots" # The no-rewind tape device to be used tapetype HARDDISK # Define the type of tape infofile "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/curinfo" # Database directory logdir "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/logs" # Log directory indexdir "/etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/index" # Index directory define tapetype HARDDISK { # Define our tape behaviour length 100000 mbytes # Every tape is 100GB in size } amrecover_changer "changer" # Changer for amrecover define dumptype global { # The global dump definition maxdumps 2 # The maximum number of backups run in parallel estimate calcsize # Estimate the backup size before dump holdingdisk yes # Dump to temp disk (holdingdisk) before backup to tape index yes # Generate index. For restoration usage } define dumptype root-tar { # How to dump root's directory global # Include global (as above) program "GNUTAR" # Program name for compress comment "root partitions dumped with tar" compress none # No compress index # Index this dump priority low # Priority level } define dumptype user-tar { # How to dump user's directory root-tar # Include root-tar (as above) comment "user partitions dumped with tar" priority medium # Priority level } define dumptype comp-user-tar { # How to dump & compress user's directory user-tar # Include user-tar (as above) compress client fast # Compress in client side with less CPU (fast) }</span></span></pre> <div> <span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Configure Backup Location</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">=================</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Prepare the directory to store all backups:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mkdir -p /central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Assign correct permission to user amandabackup for the configuration directory and backup directory:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chown amandabackup.disk /central_backup -Rf $ chown amandabackup.disk /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup -Rf</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Login as user amandabackup:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">su - amandabackup</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create the virtual tape. This is where the backup files will be stored. We will need to create 15 slots as per tapecycle keyword:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ for n in `seq 1 15`; do mkdir /central_backup/ServerNetBackup/slots/slot${n}; done</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">We then need to label all slots:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ for n in `seq 1 15` ; do amlabel ServerNetBackup ServerNetBackup-${n} slot ${n}; done</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create all required directories as defined in the configuration file:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/curinfo $ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/logs $ mkdir /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/index</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Configure Service and What to Backup</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">We need to define what to backup in a file called disklist. As user amandabackup, create this file:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ su - amandabackup $ vim /etc/amanda/ServerNetBackup/disklist</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And add following line:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">sv101.hackthesec.co.in /home/webby/public_html comp-user-tar gogogo.hackthesec.co.in /etc root-tar</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Notes: Make sure the hostname is FQDN and can be resolved to an IP. Add the host entry into /etc/hosts is recomended.</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Exit from amandabackup user and get back to root user:</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable amanda service in xinetd.d directory:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">vim /etc/xinetd.d/amanda</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And change following line from "yes" to "no"</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable on boot and restart xinetd service:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chkconfig xinetd on $ service xinetd restart</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Check the amanda server whether it is running properly by using following command:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ netstat -a | grep amanda udp 0 0 *:amanda *:*</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">If you see result as above, amanda server is ready to serve!</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Install Amanda Backup Client</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">======================</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Login to the client’s server and install required package for Amanda using yum:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ yum install -y amanda amanda-client</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">As user amandabackup, add following line into /var/lib/amanda/.amandahosts to specify where is Amanda backup server:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ su - amandabackup $ vim /var/lib/amanda/.amandahosts</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And make sure the value as below:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">office.hackthesec.co.in amandabackup amdump localhost amandabackup amdump localhost.localdomain amandabackup amdump</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Exit from user amandabackup and turn to root user:</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable amanda service in xinetd.d directory:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ vim /etc/xinetd.d/amanda</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And change following line from"yes" to "no"</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Enable on boot and start the xinetd service</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chkconfig xinetd on $ service xinetd start</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Add an entry in /etc/hosts to define backup server IP by adding following line:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">125.10.90.90 office.hackthesec.co.in</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">In some case, you may need to change the permission of the directory that you want to backup. For example, I need to allow user amandabackup to access directory /home/webby/public_html to create backup:</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">As root user, change the permission of the directory:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ chmod 755 /home/webby</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Run the Backup Process</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">=================</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now go back to the Amanda server and check our configuration file as amandabackup user:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ su - amandabackup $ amcheck ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">You should see the output similar to this:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Client check: 2 host checked in 2.070 seconds. 0 problems found.</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">If no error found, you can start the backup process immediately by running following command:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ amdump ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Or, we can automate this process using cronjob. Run following command as amandabackup user:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ crontab -e</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">And add following line:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">45 0 * * 2-6 /usr/sbin/amdump ServerNetBackup</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">As root user, reload the crond service to activate this job:</span></span></div> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">$ service crond reload</span></span></pre> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <a href="http://forums.zmanda.com/" style="background-color: #7baac3; color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.36px; font-weight: 900; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;">Amanda forums</a><a href="http://forums.zmanda.com/" style="background-color: #7baac3; color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.36px; font-weight: 900; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Tapetype%20definitions" style="color: white; display: block; font-size: 15.36px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;">Tape Type List</a><a href="http://forums.zmanda.com/" style="background-color: #7baac3; color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.36px; font-weight: 900; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="http://wiki.zmanda.com/index.php/Main_Page" style="background-color: #d7e6ee; color: #0f519a; display: block; font-size: 15.36px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-decoration-line: none;">Amanda Wiki</a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <br /></div> </div>

How to Install and Configure Amanda Backup Server

AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is a backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single mas...

Read more »

How to Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><b>Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9</b></u></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><b><br /></b></u></span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Today we are going to </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">guide you </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">install LEMP stack to brand new Debian GNU/Linux 9 Stretch. <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/LEMP">LEMP</a> stands for Linux, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/NGINX">Nginx </a>(as in Engine X), MySQL and PHP. From Debian 9, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/MariaDB">Mariadb</a> is the default mysql server. But you can also choose <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql">mysql</a> for installation. It is the counterpart of more popular LAMP stack except instead of Apache httpd we use nginx. Earlier we have tried LEMP stack on Ubuntu and docker container. </span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg_CyZ2-sqaQ5zeqH6JsLUMcrlZhFxzGRc4-5qXc-zZ4ME2BNzx1EM_rKnNCfr3RsjuKfAEKXP23KNH8bvXNA7loj4U5OLKY70uZxVjad0ZRjH0DwLC9PETejcnlyZL0rY1uIxcLrXvh4/s1600/Debian9_LAMP.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="713" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg_CyZ2-sqaQ5zeqH6JsLUMcrlZhFxzGRc4-5qXc-zZ4ME2BNzx1EM_rKnNCfr3RsjuKfAEKXP23KNH8bvXNA7loj4U5OLKY70uZxVjad0ZRjH0DwLC9PETejcnlyZL0rY1uIxcLrXvh4/s1600/Debian9_LAMP.png" /></a></div> <br /> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><b><u>Installing Nginx, Mariadb and PHP</u></b></span></span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Installation of nginx, MariaDB and PHP by bellow command line from bash terminal</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">apt install nginx mysql-server mysql-client php-fpm php-mysql libfcgi0ldbl</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Now start all needed services with systemd and </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">enable them to start at boot</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># systemctl start php7.0-fpm nginx mysql # systemctl enable php7.0-fpm nginx mysql</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><u><b>Configuring LEMP Stack</b></u></span></span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now Configure the mysql through bellow command line and use "y" for every question and set the mysql root password. </span></span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mysql_secure_installation</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Now </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">you need to bind socket for fastcgi through bellow command line </span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cgi-fcgi -bind -connect /run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now we are going to configure sites in nginx configuration folder. First we move default config as backup for security purpose</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mv /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/df.bk</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">After that we will make our own configuration file by bellow command line</span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">After that paste the bellow lines on the "default" empty file </span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; root /var/www/html; index index.php index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html; server_name _; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ =404; } location ~ \.php$ { include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf; fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock; } }</span></span></pre> <div> <span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Now make a index.php file in /var/www/html/ by bellow command line</span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > /var/www/html/index.php</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;">Now check the mysql is working properly or not. First create a database user and password also a database on the mysql by follow command line </span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">mysql -u root -e "CREATE USER 'hackthesec'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'test@123';" mysql -u root -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'hackthesec'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION"</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">To check the mysql is working or not use the following command</span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">nano /var/www/html/db.php</span></span></pre> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><?php $dbh = mysqli_connect('localhost', 'hackthesec', 'test@123'); if (!$dbh) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error()); } echo 'Connected successfully'; mysqli_close($dbh); ?></span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Now reboot the system or restart the services ..</span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">systemctl restart php7.0-fpm nginx mysql</span></span></pre> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Now open your web browser and hit your web server ip you will see the bellow test page.</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhog28ZsH9WCt0c57LCs99DOYAVXK9Q1py5BYGxBE_h4X_iJwRdJXq42WHOHT4xMvDvK4roIC0UsGHeS2uDNHpBfAORRVKQG8N5LcDZZf_RxOdfw1p5UJxx7XXwr4GRfl9U8ODB4w48ga4/s1600/LAMP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="1114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhog28ZsH9WCt0c57LCs99DOYAVXK9Q1py5BYGxBE_h4X_iJwRdJXq42WHOHT4xMvDvK4roIC0UsGHeS2uDNHpBfAORRVKQG8N5LcDZZf_RxOdfw1p5UJxx7XXwr4GRfl9U8ODB4w48ga4/s1600/LAMP.jpg" /></a></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Allow lamp on firewall through bellow commands </span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">ufw allow 3306/tcp ufw allow 80/tcp ufw allow 443/tcp (allow if you use https)</span></span></pre> <br /> @Hackthesec</div>

How to Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9

Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9 Today we are going to  guide you  install LEMP stack to brand new Debian GNU/Linux 9 Stretch. LEMP stan...

Read more »

Magnus Open Source VOIP Softswitch And Billing

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u>VOIP Softswitch And Billing Portal</u></b></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">MagnusBilling is a VoIP Billing server system that brings together the best IP billing telephony software in the market, creating a comprehensive, flexible and superior tool. MagnusBilling was made for companies that need freedom to build their own VoIP server. </span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">You will be able to chose your termination, giving your business larger flexibility and autonomy.</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8eMX5CtlAhfk9uyEIR0JEcJwOtUWuTzCVTFE_fypN1eDzL76jrmUr1qsZiXhtSc6pcsKP7sTAgJcymqJQAFrw1mGWFRaKaPY7l04jyiGNlAFYKxbFJmXmoYYeg96GSsSGM2uih4H-UbA/s1600/magnusbilling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="1349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8eMX5CtlAhfk9uyEIR0JEcJwOtUWuTzCVTFE_fypN1eDzL76jrmUr1qsZiXhtSc6pcsKP7sTAgJcymqJQAFrw1mGWFRaKaPY7l04jyiGNlAFYKxbFJmXmoYYeg96GSsSGM2uih4H-UbA/s1600/magnusbilling.jpg" /></a></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">MagnusBilling is a free billing OpenSource to Asterisk.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><b>Features of magnusbilling</b></u></span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><u><b><br /></b></u></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Softswitch class 4 & 5</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Voice broadcasting</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CallingCard</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">DID Management</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">SMS sending</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CallShop</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">CidCallBack</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">0800Web</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">IVR</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Call queue</span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Integrated with asterisk</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Many More : - https://www.magnusbilling.com/wiki</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">How to install it<br />=================</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">cd /usr/src yum -y install wget wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/magnusbilling/install.sh chmod +x install.sh ./install.sh</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <strong style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3682ce;">WARNING!! THE SERVER WILL BE REBOOTED AFTER THE INSTALL!!</span></strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></span><br /> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> MagnusBilling's dashboard: <a href="http://your_ip/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 400ms, background-color 400ms;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">http://your_ip/</strong></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> Default user: <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">root</strong></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> Default password: <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">magnus</strong></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, Raleway, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Remember to change the root's password!!!</em></strong></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div>

Magnus Open Source VOIP Softswitch And Billing

VOIP Softswitch And Billing Portal MagnusBilling is a VoIP Billing server system that brings together the best IP billing telephony sof...

Read more »

How-to extend a root LVM partition online

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><b>Extend a root LVM partition online</b></u></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><b><br /></b></u></span></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">There is also a quick remedy for the emergency situation when your root partition runs out of disk space. There is a feature specific to ext3 and ext4 that can help the goal of resolving the full disk situation. Unless explicitly changed during filesystem creation, both by default reserve five percent (5%) of a volume capacity to the superuser (root).</span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49p9cF_CO5MMzNQBEy_f-AZhdR8y3PPuMATkF7r864Qhex6kGRF8DAdINHqjKC0ToWJLtwK5U12uv00fgXqGrVtCrftGyoa6Ny0c45fpMIAY2mEJkkMlgEQARGDMTeIXE7dmvlWlL0Ww/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="639" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49p9cF_CO5MMzNQBEy_f-AZhdR8y3PPuMATkF7r864Qhex6kGRF8DAdINHqjKC0ToWJLtwK5U12uv00fgXqGrVtCrftGyoa6Ny0c45fpMIAY2mEJkkMlgEQARGDMTeIXE7dmvlWlL0Ww/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" /></a></div> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_main-lv_root ext4 8.4G 8.0G 952K 100% / tmpfs tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /dev/shm /dev/vda1 ext4 485M 33M 428M 8% /boot # dumpe2fs /dev/vg_main/lv_root | grep 'Reserved block count' dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Reserved block count: 111513</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">It turned out 111513 of 4KB blocks were reserved for the superuser, which was exactly five percent of the volume capacity.</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">How to enable it?</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># tune2fs -m 0 /dev/vg_main/lv_root tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Setting reserved blocks percentage to 0% (0 blocks) # df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_main-lv_root ext4 8.4G 8.0G 437M 95% / tmpfs tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /dev/shm /dev/vda1 ext4 485M 33M 428M 8% /boot</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now that we have some free space on the root partition to work on we can extend the LVM partition:</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create a new partition of appropriate size using fdisk</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">fdisk /dev/sdb1</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">This is a key sequence on the keyboard to create a new LVM type (8e) partition:</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">n, p, 1, enter (accept default first sector), enter (accept default last sector), t, 8e, w</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Create a new Physical Volume</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># pvcreate /dev/sdb1 Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/sdb1" Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Extend a Volume Group</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># vgextend vg_main /dev/sdb1 Volume group "vg_main" successfully extended</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Extend your LVM</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">- extend the size of your LVM by the amount of free space on PV</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># lvextend /dev/vg_main/lv_root /dev/sdb1 Extending logical volume lv_root to 18.50 GiB Logical volume lv_root successfully resized</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">- or with a given size</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">lvextend -L +10G /dev/vg_main/lv_root</span></span></pre> <br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Finally resize the file system online</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"># resize2fs /dev/vg_main/lv_root resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/vg_main/lv_root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg_main/lv_root to 4850688 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/vg_main/lv_root is now 4850688 blocks long.</span></span></pre> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Now we can set the reserved blocks back to the default percentage - 5%</span></span><br /> <pre style="background: rgb(68, 67, 65); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none !important; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-top: 10px !important; overflow: auto; padding: 10px !important; width: auto !important; word-break: break-all;"><span style="color: white; font-family: monospace, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">tune2fs -m 5 /dev/mapper/vg_main-lv_root Results: # df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_main-lv_root ext4 19G 8.0G 9.4G 46% / tmpfs tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /dev/shm /dev/vda1 ext4 485M 33M 428M 8% /boot</span></span></pre> <br /></div>

How-to extend a root LVM partition online

Extend a root LVM partition online There is also a quick remedy for the emergency situation when your root partition runs out of disk s...

Read more »